1. The Cold War
Overview

2. What was the Cold War?
The Cold War is the conflict that existed between the United States and Soviet Union from 1945 to It is called “cold” because the two sides never went to war directly with each other.

3. Historical Tensions (Prior to 1945)
[LONG TERM]

4. Historical Tensions (Prior to 1945) cont.
Communism vs. Democracy
Russian Civil War & the win of communism in Russia ( )
USA  USSR (1933)
World War II
LOTS of distrust
Russian Civil War: A conflict fought in Russia (1918–21) after the Revolution, between the Bolshevik Red Army and the counter-revolutionary White Russians. The Bolsheviks were ultimately victorious, and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was established.
1st Red Scare: erupted in the early 1920's. The American public was scared that communism would come into the US. Left-winged supporters were suspected. This fear of communism helped businessman who used it to stop labor strikes.
Recognition of the USSR: In 1933, diplomatic relations between the United States and the USSR were established when in November, the newly elected President of the United States, Franklin D. Roosevelt chose to formally recognize Stalin's Communist governent and negotiated a new trade agreement between the two nations.
Marshall Plan:
On June 5, U.S. Secretary of State George Marshall proposes a massive aid program to rebuild Europe from the ravages of World War II.
Nearly $13 billion in U.S. aid was sent to Europe from 1948 to The Soviet Union and communist Eastern Europe decline U.S. aid, citing "dollar enslavement."
Truman Doctrine:
March 12, 1947
Greece and Turkey in danger of falling to communist insurgents
Truman requested $400 million from Congress in aid to both countries.
Successful effort
Blockade:
Blockade of Berlin began on June 24, ’48
From June 1948 to May 1949, U.S. and British planes airlift 1.5 million tons of supplies to the residents of West Berlin.
After 200,000 flights, the Soviet Union lifts the blockade.
The airlift marked a rise in tensions between the West and the Soviets, but it also helped heal divisions left by World War II.
Almost immediately, The United States, Great Britain, and France shifted from Germany's conquerors to its protectors.

5. The Ideological Struggle
SOCIALISM
Soviet & Eastern Bloc Nations [“Iron Curtain”]
Laissez Faire
US & the Western Democracies
GOAL  spread world-wide Communism
GOAL  “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world. [George Kennan]
METHODOLOGIES:
Espionage [KGB vs. CIA]
Arms Race [nuclear escalation]
Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples [Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist economy]  “proxy wars”
Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]

6. Asian Phenomenon Europe Settled The Cold War in Asia
The war was fought predominantly in Asia
Korea
Vietnam
China

7. Satellite Nations or Satellite States
Warsaw Pact: organization of communist states in Central and Eastern Europe.
Established May 14, 1955 in Warsaw, Poland
USSR established in response to NATO treaty
Founding members:
Albania (left in 1961 as a result of the Sino-Soviet split)
Bulgaria
Czechoslovakia
Hungary
Poland
Romania
USSR
East Germany (1956)
Greatest extent of Warsaw Pact

9. Containment Policy
George F. Kennan, Senior State Department official, posted to USSR during war.
July 1947, article in Foreign Affairs journal, under author “X”
Long Telegram sent back to State Department, then published in Foreign Affairs
“the main element of any United States policy toward the Soviet Union must be that of a long-term patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies.” 
**FOUNDATION of the Truman Doctrine
In 1946, Kennan sent an 8,000-word telegram to the State Department—the now-famous “long telegram”—on the aggressive nature of Stalin’s foreign policy.
Kennan, writing as “Mr. X,” published an outline of his philosophy in the prestigious journal Foreign Affairs in 1947. 

10. Hot Spots (MOST SIGNIFICANT)
Korea
Vietnam
Afghanistan

11. Korean War,
On June 25, North Korean communist forces cross the 38th parallel and invade South Korea.
On June 27, Truman orders U.S. forces to assist the South Koreans
The U.N. Security Council condemns the invasion and est’d a 15-nation fighting force.
Chinese troops enter the conflict by year's end.
Cease fire eventually brings war to close by 1953

12. Vietnam
After a long siege, Vietnamese communists under Ho Chi Minh defeat French colonial forces at Dien Bien Phu on May
South Vietnam: Help from US
North Vietnam: Help from China and USSR

13. Afghanistan
December 25, 100,000 Soviet troops invaded Afghanistan as communist Babrak Karmal seized control of the government.
U.S.-backed Muslim guerrilla fighters waged a costly war against the Soviets for nearly a decade before Soviet troops withdraw in 1988.
Afghanistan—the Soviet “Vietnam”

14. Presidents during the Cold War
Truman
Eisenhower
Kennedy
Johnson
Nixon
Ford
Carter
Regan
H.W. Bush
CONTAINMENT
Détente is the name given to a period of improved relations between the United States and the Soviet Union that began tentatively in 1971 and took decisive form when President Richard M. Nixon visited the secretary-general of the Soviet Communist party, Leonid I. Brezhnev, in Moscow, May 1972.
The goal of détente (the easing of tensions between nations) was to continue to resist and deter Soviet adventurism while striving for "more constructive relations" with the Communist world.
DETENT
END