1. Chapter 13
Education

2. Chapter Outline Using the Sociological Imagination
The Development and Structure of Education
The Functionalist Perspective
The Conflict Perspective
Symbolic Interactionism
Higher Education

3. Development of Education
Early emphasis in American schools was on “civilizing” the young.
After the turn of the 20th century, the emphasis shifted to education for jobs.
Early schools were modeled after businesses and have increasingly become more bureaucratic.

4. High School Graduates by Race: 1970 and 2000

5. Findings on Education:
National Commission on Excellence in Education Report (1983) found:
23 million adults, 40% of minority young people and 13% of 17-year-olds, are functionally illiterate.
SAT scores dropped dramatically between the early 1960s and 1980.
Only 1/3 of 17 year-olds can solve a math problem requiring several steps.

6. National Educational Reform Plan: Six Goals
Every child must begin school ready to learn.
The national high school graduation rate must be 90%.
Competence in core subjects must be shown after grades 4, 8, and 12.

7. National Educational Reform Plan: 6 Goals
American students should be the best educated in the world in math and science.
All adults must be literate and possess the skills necessary for citizenship and competition in a global economy.
Schools should be free of drugs and violence.

8. Goal of School Choice: Approaches
Voucher system
Charter schools
For-profit schools
Magnet schools

9. Functionalist Perspective: Functions of Education
Cultural transmission
Social integration
Selection and screening of talent
Promotion of personal growth and development
Dissemination, preservation, and creation of knowledge.

10. Latent Functions of Education
Day-care facilities for dual-employed couples or single parents.
Help locate potential marriage partners.
Prevent delinquency by holding juveniles indoors during the daytime.
Training grounds for athletes.
Inculcate discipline needed to follow orders in a bureaucratized society.

11. Illiteracy Rates

12. SAT Scores by Race and Ethnicity
Racial/Ethnic Category
SAT Verbal
SAT Math
Native American or Alaskan Native
482
481
Asian, Asian American, or Pacific Islander
499
565
African American
434
426

13. SAT Scores by Race and Ethnicity
Racial/Ethnic Category
SAT Verbal
SAT Math
Mexican or Mexican American
453
460
Puerto Rican
456
451
White
528
530

14. Educational Equality
Addresses equality in relation to “effects” of schooling.
Educational equality exists when schooling produces the same results for lower-class and minority children as it does for other children.

15. Hidden Curriculum Over the years, schools socialize children.
In addition to academics, schools teach discipline, cooperation and conformity.
These skills are thought to be necessary for success in modern bureaucratic society.

16. Schools and Sexism
In a coeducational setting, girls, compared with boys, are:
5 times less likely to receive the most attention from teachers
3 times less likely to be praised
8 times less likely to call out in class

17. Schools and Sexism
In a coeducational setting, girls, compared with boys, are:
3 times less talkative in class
1/2 as likely to demand help or attention
1/2 as likely to be called on in class

18. College Enrollment in the United States: 1965–2010

19. Trends in College Enrollment
A larger proportion of 18- to 24 year-olds are attending college.
Number of students over age 24 attending college, particularly women, has continued to grow.
The number of students remaining in college after their first year has increased.

20. Factors in Rising College Enrollment
Colleges and universities have strong student recruitment campaigns.
Low-paying service jobs continue to replace high-paying manufacturing jobs, resulting in fewer options for those with only high school diplomas.
Increase in the number of community colleges offers an opportunity for many who could not otherwise continue their education.

21. Median Annual Income by Gender, Race, and Education

22. Education and Income
White male high school graduates earn 59% of that earned by white college graduates.
African American males with high school diplomas earn 61% of that earned by African American male college graduates.
White college graduates earn 3 times the amount earned by white female dropouts.

23. Education and Income
White female high school graduates earn 52% of that earned by white college graduates.
African American females with a diploma earn 49% of the earnings of African American female college graduates.