1. Presentation for Deforestation project
By: Ming Chun, Shang Wen, Chloe and Amanda
Useful note: Please support peace and cheese!!!!!!!!!!!!!
The interesting thing is at the back.

2. Causes
Good without them

3. Mining
Coal mining Land is cleared for coal mining Metal mining Land is also cleared for metal mining. To separate gold from ore, mercury is used. The mercury get absorbed by the plants and kills them.

4. What is palm oil?
It is a red liquid at room temperature but lighter coloured after boiling
Comes from the African Oil Palm
First commercially cultivated in
1911 on Sumatra island
Palm oil(Liquid)
Solid Palm oil block
Oil palm

5. Uses Ingredient in food Cheap substitute for bread Make biodiesel
Make bread, cereal, sweets and soaps
Cooking oil
Make chocolate
Fun Fact: In World War 2, Palm oil combined with Naphtha to produce Napalm!

6. Why do people want to buy palm oil?
It is cheap
Has a high stability when frying

7. Countries with large palm oil production
Indonesia
-More than 20.9 million tons
Malaysia
-17.7 million tons
-Uses 4,500,000 hectares of land
-Employ more than 570,000 people
Nigeria
-More than 2.5 million hectares of land used
Columbia
-Uses 1,000,000 hectares of land
-35% made into biofuel

8. Why does palm oil cause all this?
Can only be cultivated in rainforests
Orangutans live there
Orangutans run away from the fire
Orangutans fled from their habitats
Eat farmers crops
Get shot down by them

9. More causes (brief) Poor management of forests Local poverty Timber
Forest fires (first caused by company “Itzi”)
Jealousy of locals on big companies (they cannot log while the big companies can. Thus, this cause the locals to log illegally)
Need for land (VERY serious)

10. Current measures
How to stop deforestation?

11. Signing of regulation
President of Indonesia Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono signed a regulation on an implementation of a national inventory of greenhouse gases. There was a program called "Moving Towards a Green Indonesia" which helped conservationists groups and also deal with deforestation. 
Why EPIC FAIL: Deforestation is not fully banned even though the carbon usage is thought to be able to decrease by 26%.

12. Pressure from conservationist groups’ fans
Supporters of Greenpeace pressured companies like Nestle and Unilever to change their palm oil sourcing policies to stop deforestation as the forests are cleared mostly for palm oil. This helped as companies (which were providing palm oil to the buyers) used less land for palm oil plantations as they need less palm oil.
Why EPIC fail
Still a lot of other companies using palm oil and thus the problems are not solved.
Fun fact (not really fun after all): Unilever is one of the biggest buyers of palm oil from Indonesia but it buys only 3% of the palm oil bought all the companies!

13. Military raids
Confiscate chainsaws
Illegal loggers put to jail.

14. Efforts to prevent deforestation (not in Indonesia)
Brazil
Creation of a federal force to fight environmental crime – for which 3,000 new agents will be hired – and the training of 1,500 current staff in Brazil’s environmental agencies
Assembly of a committee composed of six ministers with portfolios affecting deforestation, such as rural credit and land property policy.
Inclusion of protected area costs in highway plans and budgets – a key measure as new and improved roads often cause greater deforestation
Why EPIC fail: This is not working as this is only among 10% of the Amazon forest in Brazil. There are still a lot of other areas that would be worse

15. Enforcement of laws
Anyone who causes a forest fire will be given a sentence of at least 10 years.
If it is severe, the DEATH penalty will come.
Question – Why is it not working?
Nobody enforces the laws
The enforcers when sent are easily bribed
It is like… the school sets a rule to not allow socks below ankle length. At first, everybody obeys. After a while, nobody comes to check and the students start wearing them.

16. Stakeholders People involved
To skip this extremely boring thing, click this.

17. Who they are and how they uses the rainforest
Tribes-They use it for home and shelter
Eco-tour Operators-they use the rainforest as a tool for education and for them to show people the beauty of the rainforest
Factories- They use the rainforest as a source of income
Animals-They use the rainforest as a home and for protection
Scientists- They use the rainforest as a way of discovering things (like new plants for medication) that can benefit others
Government-They try to protect the rainforest and stop things that help destroy it
Conservationists-They use the rainforest as a tool for education and they try to protect it
Schools- They educate people just like eco-tour operators

18. Their job and what they do
Tribes-
They help spread around the seeds of eaten fruit
They eat the fruit then let the animals carry around the seeds, planting more of that species
Eco-Tour Operators-
They tell people how the rainforest is being threatened and what they can do to help stop this
They take tour groups around and show them the rainforest and how wonderful it is so they can appreciate it

19. Their job and what they do (cont.)
Factories-
Cut down trees for plantations
Animals-
Spread around seeds and “plants” them
Make trees and plants grow as well as fruits that tribes in the rainforest can live off
Scientists-
To go into the rainforests and try to find good uses for new plant specimens
They find new plant species then use them in experiments to see if they can be used for medicine

20. Their rights and responsibilities
We respect them and they respect us

21. TRIBES Responsibilities
Rights
To retain their
homes
To be able to find
food easily
To have water
To feel protected
in their homes
To have clothes
Responsibilities
To help distribute plants and seeds so that species can keep growing
To only take what they need and nothing more

22. ANIMALS Responsibilities Rights
To feel protected
To always have food
To have shelter
in their home
To retain their
homes
Responsibilities
To keep spreading around seeds for food purposes
To protect the forest from other threats

23. ECO-TOUR OPERATORS Rights Educate people
Fine people if they pollute(Example: Litter) the rainforest.
Show tourists the rainforest and let them appreciate it
Responsibilities
Educate people
Be role models by not polluting the rainforest
Respect laws that try to protect the rainforest

24. WORLD GOVERNMENTS Rights
To be allowed to request countries to reduce greenhouse gases
To be allowed to try and pay countries to protect their rainforests
To put in the Kyoto (international agreement against greenhouse emissions) into place

25. WORLD GOVERNMENTS cont.
Responsibilities
To reduce greenhouse gases and the burning of fossil fuels in other countries
To protect the rainforests and what’s left of them

26. FACTORIES Responsibilities Rights
Burn trees in designated areas (not illegal places)
Burn trees sustainably
Rights
Make money
Able to make
living

27. Scientists
Rights
To be able to explore the rainforest (with conditions)
To be allowed to observe different species but make NO contact
To be granted permission to explore different parts of the rainforest in order to look for new plant species

28. Scientists Responsibilities
To not move/change around any areas of the rainforest e.g. plant fruit where animals are trying to sleep
Not to disturb the wildlife inside the rainforests
To respect how the rainforest and to not do anything to pollute it

29. Conservationists Rights
To be able to at least try to protect the rainforests
To be able to protest against non-environmental projects (things that hurt the environment and it’s rainforests) and not get in trouble for it
Responsibilities
To be able to protect the rainforest and everything in it
To not stand by and watch the environment along with it’s rainforests be destroyed

30. Rights and Responsibilities
School
Rights and Responsibilities
Educate people
Hold conference to stop deforestation

31. Effects if their rights are not fulfilled
Tribes-
The tribe will die out
People will forget about them
Eco-tour operators-
People will forget how they should treat/behave in the rainforest
People will forget how important rainforests are
Factories-
They can’t help/support themselves or their families

32. Effects if their rights are not fulfilled (cont.)
Animals-
Animals could become more aggressive because of the stress from everything happening around them
Scientists-
Cures for diseases that could’ve been found would’ve disappeared because scientists couldn’t explore and look for them
World governments-
Rainforests will have even MORE threats working against the existence of them!
Conservationists-
No one will be there to help the rainforests exist

33. What are the effects if their responsibilities are not fulfilled
Tribes-
The rainforest and the species within it will diminish faster than before because seeds of plants aren’t being distributed
Eco-tour operators-
Rainforests will be in even worse conditions
Different species will perish faster
Factories-
There would be unemployment

34. What are the effects if their responsibilities are not fulfilled (cont
Animals-
More animal species will die out
More plant/fruit species will die out
Scientists-
Animals could start acting up because scientists have made with the animals and they’ve reacted badly
Cures that can solve current illness would be extinct
World governments-
Rainforests won’t be protected at ALL anymore!
Conservationists-
Rainforests simply WON’T exist anymore
Schools
You might have to say bye to the rainforest (not literary)

35. Linking Charts

36. Linking Charts (cont.)

37. Other country involvement and consequences on other countries
Lending a helping hand

38. Chart

39. Consequences WHAT DOES HAZE LEAD TO? 1st effect – Economic losses WHY?
1. Tourist income
Some countries, especially Singapore, rely a lot on tourists to survive.
With the haze, they will avoid coming, and thus we will lose a lot.
2. Trade income
With the haze absorbing and scattering light, there were a lot of visual problems.
This heavily affected land, sea and air transport, causing late arrival of goods, and thus cause heavy losses. For example, in the 1997 haze, both Singapore and Malaysia lost US$0.4b.

40. Consequences (cont.) 2nd effect – More illnesses WHY?
1. Lack of protective measures
Many Asian countries did not have the financial means to supply protective measures like respiratory masks. In turn, this caused more people to be ill.
2. Poor environment
Haze causes asthma diseases and respiratory problems. In 2006, there was a 20% increase of patients in areas west of Singapore. Although the west of Singapore usually has the highest PSI levels, it is only by several points. NEA denied speculation that the construction sites in Tuas and Jurong contributed to the haze, although it is hard to tell.
Crowded environment
While some people opted to stay in their homes, others decided to spend time in shopping malls. As there are more crowds in public areas, the chances of spreading and getting diseases are higher.
Increase of ozone
With haze, the amount of air purifiers to purify the air in the house will soar. However, many of these purifiers release ozone, which in turn causes people to suffer similar diseases as to the haze.

41. Consequences again 3rd effect – Higher PSI levels WHY?
The number of pollutants in the air is increased with haze. This will cause the PSI levels to rise. Take the 1997 haze in Singapore as an example. The PSI levels shot up to 226 at one stage, entering very the unhealthy stage. The immune system of people with heart or lung disease will be weakened, in addition to more widespread symptoms of transient irritation in the healthy population.
Usually, the time when most deforestation happens clashes with the Ghost Festival. Smoke is released as offerings and worsens the impact of the haze, thus increasing the PSI.

42. What are other countries doing?
Singapore - Provided efficient satellite equipment and good photos, to view where the hot spots were. They managed to detect 146 hot spots.
Malaysia - Provided fire-fighting equipment that Indonesia lacked funds to buy and able-bodied fire fighters to help put out the fire.
*Please note these were only solutions to stop the fires but not deforestation.

43. What are other countries doing? (cont.)
Norway – Signed a letter of intent with Indonesia. In exchange for up to US$1 billion, Indonesia would place a two-year moratorium on new logging concession. This is expected to put curbs on Indonesia's palm oil industry and delay plans for the creation of a huge agricultural estate in Papua province, where the Papua Forest is home to orang utans.
Also, to prevent illegal burning after this letter, Norway will set up a system in Indonesia to reduce corruption so that the deal can be enforced. With the money, Indonesia would have enough resources to combat deforestation. The money goes to making the farm land more productive and thus reduce the need for deforestation.

44. What are other countries doing? (cont.)
Brunei – Import orang utans from the forests of Indonesia to live in their safer forests
Joint effort by Malaysia, Brunei, Borneo and Indonesia – Create save the forest campaign to protect animals in the forests
America – Import orang utans from Indonesia to live in an artificial environment
Spent US$1.5m to save the orang utans
Request other countries to stop importing wood from Indonesia to stop the tree cutting
Wrote off Brazil’s debt of $21 million in exchange for forest protection

45. What are organisations doing?
United Nations – Encourage rich countries to contribute funds to help reduce deforestation (REDD Plus, aka Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation)
ASEAN – Set up the ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution. The purpose is to address haze pollution, namely prevention, mitigation and monitoring.
Designated 27 national protected areas from selected countries as National Heritage Parks
Strongly urged Indonesia to ratify the Agreement
Set up the ASEAN Haze Technical Task Force to combat the fires

46. Rate of deforestation in Southeast Asia
As you can see, Malaysia and Indonesia’s rates are the highest.

47. Worrying reasons
A study broke down changes in forest cover by island. Borneo, which is shared by Malaysia, Brunei, and Indonesia, topped the list in terms of total area lost at 5 million hectares during the period, accounting for 12% of its 2000 cover.
The most worrying sign is, forests declined at a faster rate in Sumatra, which lost 23.7% of its forest cover or 3.5 million hectares. If other countries cannot defend themselves, I cannot see them helping Indonesia.

48. Consequences
Serious threats to the world

49. A brief summary

50. Extinction of species
With deforestation, trees will be burned down. Many animals will lose their homes and migrate to other unsuitable environment.
Some animals are unable to adapt, and they might die easily. Predators will of course, be introduced and the population will be unbalanced. Thus, some animals might die of quickly.
In addition, when the poor animals seek refuge from a farmer, they get killed or injured badly.

51. Greenhouse effects
Enormous quantities of CO2 are released from the burnt trees. While the input of CO2 to the atmosphere is increased, its output decreases.
Many scientists believe that deforestation has been contributing significant amounts of carbon dioxide to the global atmosphere and thereby to the greenhouse effect or global warming.

52. Natural disasters
In forest fires, global warming is caused by the CO2 released during forest fires. Global warming leads to dire consequences. Floods, droughts, earthquakes and acid rain.
Trees absorbs water quickly. However, when the forests are burned, they are unable to absorb the water from heavy rain.
Droughts can also be caused during the dry season, because water supply to streams are not provided.

53. Acid rain
WHY?
Rain clouds get polluted by the haze released by deforestation.
EFFECTS
When acid rain comes into contact with anything, it practically destroys it. The Sphnix has already some parts destroyed by acid rain.

54. Soil Erosion
Trees help to prevent soil erosion by providing organic material into the soil and have deep roots to prevent soil erosion. Forest fires also cause the soil to be poorer and thus cause soil erosion.
Top soil is hard to be replaced and is easily lost. Soil erosion also causes the river bed to become shallow and causes flooding. 10 million hectares of forests can hold water as much as the water in the Bhakra-Nangal dam.

55. Interlinking Chart

56. Orang utans Orang Utans
About 1000 orangutans have died during the dry season earlier. Forest fires have produced thick smoke across Borneo. They have suffered from dehydration, respiratory problems, lack of food and even sustained injuries due to the forest fires. The fires have destroyed their habitats.
Orangutans flee the burning forest in search of food and safety, often to nearby palm oil plantations, where they are abused. Shouldn’t orangutans be saved? Why are they being abused? In my opinion, the world should do something to save these orangutans.

57. Useless current measures
Wildlife Direct
Petition to the Indonesian President to halt the Tripa Swamps deforestation
Send rescue teams to palm oil plantations to save the orang utans
In some cases, forests are closed off, and they are considered protected parts. However, some parts are not clearly marked… which just spells the word BAD.
In other cases, there is an international law giving orang utans endangered statuses.

58. Solutions? Maybe not…
1. Ban the use of kerosene and other materials that catch fire easily. Daily necessities e.g. charcoal and oil rationed to a limited quantity able to be bought
2. Seal off the forests and only allow access to plantations
3. Have air patrols occasionally using only one or two people, and make sure nobody damages or harms the forest. Just arrest anyone that come to the forests without question

59. Err…more solutions?
4. Have several robot guards that cannot be toppled to guard the forests. They also move fast, are bullet and arrow proof. 5. Raise awareness on the situation – how deforestation is constantly being carried out

60. Ban the use of flammable things
Pros
Forest fires would not start (that easily) and thus the forest would not be destroyed (that quickly)
Cons
This does not really help. Firstly, people can gather the flammable stuff rationed and can use them to start a fire and destroy the forest epic-ly.

61. Ban the use of flammable things (cont.)
Cons (cont.) Secondly, people can still use their chainsaws and cut down trees Implications People would not have enough oil (especially cooks) Others would sell oil at the Black Market. People with not enough of the oil and stuff would RIOT!!!!!!!!!!!!!

62. Sealing off the forests
Pros Will prevent ANYONE, man or alien from intruding the forests Does not need guards to guard the forest, thus ruling out the possibility of corruption Cons Money problems – Enough finance to seal off ALL the forests?

63. Air patrols
Pros Since the spot checks can be at random, the poachers will not know when the patrol is being carried out. Thus, the patrol can spot the poachers more easily when they carry out the activity of illegal logging and deforestation. Also, patrols can keep track of whether the forests are still being damaged, and can do something to help stop it.

64. Air patrols (cont.)
Cons Indonesia is poor, thus there might be a lack of resources, money and manpower to do that. Furthermore, the patrols are carried out in the air. Also helicopters, planes and pilots are needed for other uses too! Also, giving them a high pay will also be a loss as the company/ government will lose money. Why not get people who are willing to? Then again, who will?

65. Having robot guards
Pros Undefeatable! No one can beat them, because they will be skilled in “martial arts”. Cons Will require a lot of money, thus can only build a few They may try to sidestep them and robots are not flexible

66. Raising awareness
Pros Able to reach out to most of the public Can touch people’s hearts and they may protest against deforestation Cons Stubborn and stupid loggers will not listen

67. The end?
Nope
This is the interesting bit (till the end)

68. People (unless you’re an alien like Marvin), its time for the game show!!!!!!
~Troll
Footnote: No prizes given

69. Question 1
What can palm oil be made into? Choose the false one. a)Biofuel b)Sun I c)Chocolate
Ans:B

72. Question 2 What causes acid rain directly? a)Haze b)Chocolate
c)Forest fires
Ans: (a)

75. Question 3
What did Brunei do to help Indonesia? a)Give them effective fire fighting equipment b)Sneer at them c)Nothing d)Import orang utans from there and let them live at their forests
Ans: (d)

78. Question 4
Which are the two kinds of mining that causes deforestation?
a)Coal and metal
b)Coal and granite
c)Gold and metal
d)Coal and gold
Ans: (a)

81. Question 5
Why do animals need the forest? a) They need it for protection against humans b) I mean, it's their birth place, right? HOME SWEET HOME! This is a stupid question c) Who cares about the animals, anyway. It's because they like to eat insects, there got a lot of insects d) They need shelter, home and food
Ans: (d)

84. Question 6
Why did Norway sign a letter of agreement with Indonesia? a)They had too much money to spend b)They wanted to prevent corruption c)They want to spy on the Indonesian government. d)They want to prevent Indonesia from creating a huge industrial area in Papua where many orang utans live
Ans: (d)

87. Question 7
Why do orang utans flee to farmers? a)Humans are getting closer to their territory b)The orang utans were forced to escape there as there was a stampede c) The orang utans were affected by the forest fires, and they were in danger. Fleeing to the palm oil plantations will put their lives in less danger, in their opinion, anyway d) It's not worth living in the forest anymore
Ans: (c)

90. Question 8
What does haze cause? a)People murdering each other b)Orang utans become able to fly c)Economic losses, higher PSI levels and respiratory illnesses d)People eating soya beancurd e)Others
Ans: (c)

93. Question 9
What did Brazil do to stop the problem? a) Created a federal force b)Included protected area costs in highway plans and budgets c) Assembled a committee composed of six ministers with portfolios affecting deforestation d) All of the above e) Sit on the sofa and watch TV
Ans: (d)

96. Question 10 What did America do to help stop deforestation?
a)Import orang utans from Indonesia to live in an artificial environment, spent US$1.5million to save the orang utans, request other countries to stop importing wood from Indonesia to stop the tree cutting and wrote off Brazil’s debt of $21 million in exchange for forest protection
b)Cut down trees
c)Tell Indonesia to stop deforestation or it would attack Indonesia
d)Use excessive amounts of palm oil
Ans: (a)

99. Question 11
Which stakeholder go around the forest to find new plant specimens and find good uses for it?
a) Scientists
b) Loggers
c) Government
d) Schools
e) Eco-tour operators
Ans: (a)

102. Question 12
Where is oil palm first commercially cultivated and at when(year)? a)On Hai Nan Island at 1919 b)On Singapore at 2012 c)On Sumatra at 1918 d) On Jakarta at 1911 e) On Sumatra at 1914 f) On Jakarta at 1912
Ans: (d)

105. Question 13 Why are there more illnesses due to the haze?
a) The government does not care
b) While others opt to stay at home, others decide to spend time outdoors (shopping, etc.). More crowded in public areas--> Spread more diseases
c) People don't take care of themselves, and refuse to take medicine.
d) All of the above
Ans: (b)

108. Question 14 What causes greenhouse effects directly? a)Haze b)KFC c)ME
d)Ozone depletion
e)Nothing. It happens by its self
Ans: (d)

111. Lastly to say,

112. Useless question
Who created that comic? a)Ming Chun b)Chloe c)Amanda d) Shang Wen
Ans: (b)

114. Restart question?

115. Cool findings (misc.) Reducing use of timber
Stones can be used to make paper!
Recycle 50 kg of paper will save a 20 years old tree!
Elephant dung can be used to make paper!
Electricity and oil
Recycle 1 aluminium can save you 3 hours of electricity on an TV (turned on, of course)!
Recycling 10 kg of aluminum cans can give you 5.7 litres of fuel!
Onions can be used to make electricity!

116. Thank you for your kind attention
THE END!
Thank you for your kind attention
NOTE: Peace rocks!!!