1. Living Things and Classification Six Kingdoms

2. That carries out all 6 characteristics of living things.
What is an organism?
An organism is a
living thing!!
That carries out all 6 characteristics of living things.

3. What is Life? There are SIX Characteristics of Living Things-
1. Cellular Organization-
Cells are the basic building blocks of all organisms.
ALL living things are made up of cells
Unicellular –one cell
Multicellular – many celled
2. Contain Similar Chemicals
Water (approximately 70% of the cell)
Carbohydrates- energy source
Proteins- for growth and repair
Lipids- are fats
Nucleic Acids- DNA and RNA
Lipids and Proteins are the building blocks of cells

4. Characteristics of Life (Continued)
3. Use Energy-
For growth and repair
For cellular processes (respiration, photosynthesis, reproduction)
For digestion
4. Growth and Development-
Growth- becoming larger
Development- becoming more complex over an organisms life span

5. Characteristics of Life (Continued)
5. Response to Surroundings
Plants grow (bend) toward the light
Amoeba will move away from light and toward food
Stimulus – something that causes a change in an organism’s environment
Response- reaction or change in behavior by the organism

6. Characteristics of Life (Continued)
6. Reproduction
An organism makes more of itself
Asexual- 1 parent, offspring is identical to the parent (bacteria, skin cells)
Sexual- 2 parents, offspring not identical to either parent (humans, dogs, plants)

7. Classification of Living Things (25 min)

8. Life Comes From Life
A long time ago, people believed that living things could suddenly appear from non-living material
Maggots on rotting meat
Creature from the swamp
This is the theory of Spontaneous Generation

9. Controlled Experiments- proved that Spontaneous Generation could not occur
Francesco Redi- (mid-1600’s)
Rotting meat in jars
Disproved spontaneous generation
Louis Pasteur- (mid- 1800’s)
Broth in flasks
Finally convinced people that spontaneous generation was wrong

10. Both Redi and Pasteur: Used a Controlled Experiment cloth
An controlled experiment is when only one variable is changed.
In Redi’s experiment the manipulated variable is the
cloth
In Pasteurs experiment the manipulated variable is
With or without a neck on the flask

11. The Needs of Living Things
Homeostasis
Autotrophs-
Energy
maintain stable internal conditions
Heterotrophs
Autotrophs- make their own food (plants)
Heterotrophs- can not make their own food (animals)
Water
Living Space
is necessary for all cellular processes (digestion, reproduction, circulation)
food, water, shelter

12. Unhealthy Environmental Factors
Living organisms must be able to adapt to their environment and maintain homeostasis to make sure it can carry out all cellular processes.
Healthy Diet
Poor Diet
Unhealthy Environmental Factors
Stress
Healthy Lifestyle
Proper Rest

13. The Earth 3.6 Billion Years Ago
Landscape was rugged with jagged, bare rocks….little soil
Atmosphere consisted of nitrogen, water vapor, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, ammonia and methane. NO FREE OXYGEN
Oceans were shallow and warm

14. Major Gases in Early and Today’s Atmosphere
Water Vapor
Carbon Dioxide
Methane
Hydrogen
Ammonia
Nitrogen
Oxygen

15. Origin of Life
Scientists tell us that the first life forms appeared on Earth 3.6 billion years ago.
Facts we know about Early life forms 1.unicellular
2.lived in the oceans
3.did not need oxygen to live
4. they were heterotrophs that used chemicals for their energy source
They resembled the Archaebacteria of today

16. How did these early life forms originate?
Although Redi and Pasteur proved life could can not spontaneously arise on Today’s Earth, Two American scientists, Harold Urey and Stanly Miller hypothesized on the Ancient Earth the first cells probably did arise from non living materials.

17. Urey and Miller’s Experiment
These scientists built a model of the Early Earth. The model included an “oceanic” compartment to represent the ocean and an “atmospheric” compartment that represented the atmosphere. They heated the “oceanic” compartment and passed electric current through the “atmospheric” compartment. They ran this experiment for several days.

18. Urey and Miller’s Experiment
lightning

19. Results of Urey and Miller’s Experiment
After running their experiment for several days, Urey and Miller concluded that amino acids formed in their setup. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins which are the building blocks of cells.

20. Urey and Miller (6 min)

21. The first cells were bacteria
The first cells were bacteria. These pictures are of fossilized bacteria dated to be billion years old
These first cells were heterotrophs. Over time, these cells developed the ability to make their own food and began to excrete oxygen. This was the beginning of our atmosphere of today.

22. Urey/Miller and Hydrothermal Vents (6 min)

23. Classification * Grouping things based on their similarities
Taxonomy- is the science of classification
Aristotle was the first scientist to record a classification system for animals.
It was based on whether animals could fly- swim- walk, crawl, or run

24. Carolus Linnaeus
In the 1750’s, Linnaeus expanded the classification system to 7 levels.
The SEVEN levels of classification are
Kingdom (most broad)
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species (most specific)

25. Carolus Linnaeus
He devised a two word naming system for living organisms called
Binomial Nomenclature. This system uses an organisms genus and species names to identify it.
Genus- first word
Species- second word (second word gives a more specific characteristic)

26. Some Examples Felis concolor Felis pardalis Felis domesticus
Felis- genus with sharp, retractable claws that hunt other animals
concolor- means same color (mountain lion, cougar or panther)
pardalis- means spotted (ocelot or dwarf leopard)
domesticus- of the house (Persian, Maine coon or Siamese)

27. Levels of Classification
There are SEVEN levels of classification
Kingdom (most broad)
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species (most specific)

28. Use this picture to answer question #15 on page 12 of your note packet

29. Autotroph and Heterotroph

30. Charles Darwin Evolution and Classification
In 1859 Darwin published a theory about how species can change over time
Darwin collected much of his data in the Galapagos Islands aboard the
HMS Beagle

31. Darwin’s Finches Warbler Finch Cactus Finch Insect eater Nectar eater
Ground Finch
Seed eater

32. Evolution and Classification
Darwin’s
Theory of Evolution
Evolution is the process by which species gradually change over time.

33. Natural Selection
Darwin explained his Theory of Evolution by using the idea of what he called Natural Selection – as an organism changes over time, if the changes help them to survive the changes will be passed on to their offspring

34. Species with shared ancestors are classified more closely together

35. Chemical Makeup of cells
Evolutionary
History of a Species
Comes from
Fossils
Body structures
Early development
Chemical Makeup of cells
Today’s scientist rely on chemical makeup in determining an organisms evolutionary history 35

36. Most Advanced Classification Method
With the advancement of DNA research, taxonomists today primarily use chemical analysis of the cell to classify organisms.
Family: Mustelidae
New Family: Mephitidae
“noxious gas”

37. Classification Today
In addition to the work of Darwin and others, today we also study fossils of organisms and we compare the early development of organisms to obtain information on similar evolutionary history.

38. 2 ways to learn how to identify organisms are:
This field guide is a book of illustrations that highlight the differences between organisms

39. Six Kingdoms
Linnaeus proposed the first kingdom structure (2 kingdoms- plants and animals)
Today organisms are classified into SIX Kingdoms
Archaebacteria Fungi
Eubacteria Plants
Protists Animals

40. How Do We Place Organisms Into Kingdoms?
Type of cells-
- Prokaryote- no nucleus
Pro – no – nucleus
- Eukaryote- has a nucleus
U – have – nucleus

41. Ability to make food Autotroph-make their own food
Heterotroph-can not make own food

42. Number of cells Unicellular- Multicellular- More than one cell
Single-celled
Multicellular-
More than one cell

43. How do we classify an organism into their Kingdom?
Organisms are placed in Kingdoms based on their
Type of cell
Number of cells
Ability to make food

44. Autotroph and Heterotroph

45. Are all bacteria harmful to us?

46. Autotroph and Heterotroph

47. Types of Fungi
Mushrooms
Mold and Mildew
Yeast

48. Autotroph and Heterotroph

49. Darwin’s Galapagos Islands (10 min)

50. Darwin and Natural Selection (4min)

51. Chemical Classification (4 min)