1. Unit 2 Hiroshima--the “Liveliest” City in Japan

2. What do you know about Japan?
geography?
National Name: Nippon
Geography: Four main islands: Honshu (本州), Hokkaido (北海道), Kyushu (九州), and Shikoku (四国)
Area: 371,857 sq.km.
Population: 126,804,433 (2010).
Capital: Tokyo

3. Lead in

4. 1931, it invaded Manchuria, and lasted till 1945.
Lead-in
2. history?
After a brief war with China in 1894–1895, Japan acquired Formosa (Taiwan), the Pescadores Islands(澎湖列岛), and part of southern Manchuria.
In 1904–1905, Japan defeated Russia, gaining the territory of southern Sakhalin (Karafuto库页岛) and Russia's port and rail rights in Manchuria.
In World War I, Japan seized Germany's Pacific islands and leased areas in China.
1931, it invaded Manchuria, and lasted till 1945.
On Dec. 7, 1941, it launched Pearl Harbor attack.
The dropping of atomic bombs on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 by the United States finally brought the government to admit defeat. Japan surrendered formally on Sept. 2, 1945

5. Lead-in
3. culture?
The kimono is the traditional dress of Japan, and it is worn nowadays on formal occasions.

6. Lead-in
Sakura ( cherry) is the national flower of Japan, and there are over four hundred varieties of cherry trees in Japan.  
The first day of blooming in Tokyo is about 20 March, and the full bloom will be one week after from the day of first bloom.

7. Sumo is a Japanese style of wrestling and Japan's national sport.

8. Sado
Sado （茶道）, the ceremony celebrating the Way of Tea, has been much favored by Japanese high society as an artistic ceremony.

9. Belief
Buddhism (佛教)
In Japan, a Buddhist monk is allowed to marry. After a reform, Buddhist monk live a life as common people.

10. Seafood is one of the favorite food in Japan.
In Japan, oysters are called the "Milk of the sea" because of their high nutritional value and rich taste.

11. Sushi寿司是在饭里放醋做主材料的日本料理寿司色彩非常鲜明。制作时，把新鲜的海胆黄、鲍鱼、牡丹虾、扇贝、鲑鱼籽、鳕鱼鱼白、金枪鱼、三文鱼等海鲜切成片放在雪白香糯的饭团上，一揉一捏之后再抹上鲜绿的芥末酱，最后放到古色古香的瓷盘中.   吃寿司，讲究的是一口闷，唯其如此，饭香与生鱼片的香味才能完全相融，将齿颊间填得满满，不留一丝缝隙

12. Background Information
About World War II
Sept.1, 1939 Hitler invaded Poland. beginning World War II
Jun.22, Gr. invaded USSR
Dec. 7, 1941 Pearl Harbour
Sept Italy surrendered
May. 7, Gr. Surrendered
Despite six months of intense strategic fire-bombing of 67 Japanese cities, the Japanese government ignored an ultimatum given by the Potsdam Declaration. By executive order of President Harry S. Truman, the U.S. dropped the nuclear weapon "Little Boy" on the city of Hiroshima on Monday, August 6, 1945, followed by the detonation of "Fat Man" over Nagasaki on August 9.

13. Background Information
The target of Hiroshima was a city of considerable military importance, containing Japan's Second Army Headquarters, as well as being a communications center and storage depot(军需库 ).
Six days after the detonation over Nagasaki, on August 15, Japan announced its surrender to the Allied Powers, signing the Instrument of Surrender on September 2, officially ending the Pacific War and therefore World War II.

14. Background Information
Atomic Bomb:
The explosion produces great amounts of heat, a shock wave and intense radiation. The region of the explosion becomes radioactively contaminated and radioactive products may be deposited elsewhere as fallout(辐射尘 ).
Within the first two to four months of the bombings, the acute effects killed 90,000–166,000 people in Hiroshima and 60,000–80,000 in Nagasaki, with roughly half of the deaths in each city occurring on the first day. Survivors are still dying of leukaemia (白血病) , pernicious anaemia(恶性贫血 ) and other diseases induced by radiation. Almost 98% of the buildings were destroyed or severely damaged.

15. Background Information
Little Boy

16. Structure Part I: Para. 1 Part II: Para. 2-6 Part III: Para. 7-26
Global Reading
Structure
Part I: Para. 1
Part II: Para. 2-6
Part III: Para. 7-26
Part IV: Para
Main idea: The way to the restaurant boat.
Main idea: The arrival
Main idea: Meeting the mayor
Main idea: At the hospital.

17. What points the writer described in Para.1?
Detailed Reading of Part I
What points the writer described in Para.1?
Two points: the stationmaster & himself
stationmaster : in uniform, shout,
“Hiroshima! Everybody off!”
description details
himself: didn’t understand; had a lump in my
throat; Sad thoughts on my mind; a far
greater adventure; Was I at the scene of the
crime?
indication: He was with a heavy heart to arrive Hiroshima,
being extremely sad and guilty. He was being tortured
by a guilty conscience.

18. Detailed Reading of Part I
Words and expressions
1. had a lump in my throat : a physical response when one wants to cry or feels wronged; be choked (with emotion)
practice
I had a lump in my throat while watching the report about Wenchuan earthquake.
2. Have something on one’s mind—worried about 惦记, 忧虑
I’ve had my father’s illness on my mind all day. 我整天都为父亲的病情担忧.
practice
3. Have something in mind: remember; think of / plan to do
Have you anyone in mind for the job?
What do you have in mind to do with him?
practice

19. How many journeys mentioned from the station to the destination?
Detailed Reading of Part II
How many journeys mentioned from the station to the destination?
description details
1st one: from the railway station to the City Hall
Crowd: don’t have the
same preoccupations.
Women: kimonos Vs
western dress
Men: be oblivious of;
bob up & down; exchange
Ritual formula; use telephone
Driver:
Friendly:; Hi; grin;
Skilled: pop open; at top
Speed; flash; narrow;
Lurch; sharp twists;
screech
Ignorance: ask the way
2nd one: from the City Hall to the destination
Usher: friendly & helpful---bow, heave a sigh, sketch a
map
Restaurant boat: a barge with a roof; an arresting
Spectacle---old Japan house Vs skyscrapers

20. Detailed Reading of Part II
Words and expressions
preoccupy: V. engage (one’s mind, attention, etc) so that he cannot think of other things; 占据（某人）思想; 使（某人）心无二用; 迷住; preoccupied adj. thinking about something a lot, with the result that you do not pay attention to other things; preoccupation n. state of thinking or worrying about something a lot, with the result that they do not pay attention to other things
Health worries preoccupied him for the whole holiday.
He's completely preoccupied with all the wedding preparations at the moment.
He answered me in a rather preoccupied manner. 他心不在焉地回答我.
His main preoccupation at that time was getting enough to eat.
practice

21. Detailed Reading of Part II
Words and expressions
2. ritual: n. action or actions done or used in a religious or some other ceremony程序, 仪节 ; procedure regularly followed in precisely the same way each time 固定方式; 老习惯 ; adj.
practice
A traditional country usually employ rituals more than modern ones.
He went through the ritual of lighting his cigar.
They have ritual dance on that day.
3. formula: n. a method or set of principles that you use to solve a problem or to make sure that something is successful 方法、原则； a series of numbers or letters that represent a mathematical or scientific rule 公式；set of symbols showing the elements that a substance is made of 分子式 ；fixed arrangement of words, esp as used on social, legal or ceremonial occasions 套语, 惯用语
There is no magic formula that will transform sorrow into happiness.
Water is represented by the simple formula H2o.
“How do you do” and “Excuse me” are social formulae.
practice

22. Detailed Reading of Part II
Words and expressions
4. martyr: n. someone who dies for their religious or political beliefs and is admired by people for this殉难、殉道者；v. if someone is martyred, they are killed because of their religious beliefs
He was a martyr to the cause of racial harmony.
She's a martyr to her arthritis.
Becket was martyred in 1170.
practice
5. screech: v. if a vehicle screeches, its wheels make a high unpleasant noise as it moves along or stops ; to shout loudly in an unpleasant high voice because you are angry, afraid, or excited
The gate screeched as it opened.
monkeys screeching in the trees
practice

23. Detailed Reading of Part II
Words and expressions
6. barge: n. a large low boat with a flat bottom, used for carrying goods on a canal or river驳船（河流﹑ 运河等中载运客货的大型平底船）.

24. Detailed Reading of Part II
Words and expressions
7. moor: v. to fasten a ship or boat to the land or to the bottom of the sea using ropes or an anchor
practice
The boat was moored to (a post on) the river bank .
8. concrete: n. a substance used for building that is made by mixing sand, very small stones, cement, and water 混凝土 ; definite and specific具体的、明确的
a concrete path, wall, etc
The police have nothing concrete to go on.
practice

25. What did the writer describe in the part?
Detailed Reading of Part III
What did the writer describe in the part?
Japanese:
A stunning, porcelain faced woman in…
Mayor: tall, thin, sad-eyed, serious; Hiroshima is a
city familiar, world renown, oysters
Others: serious; agitated
A small one: tell a story and the truth
description details
The truth: Japanese are so deeply hurt that they want to forget the unbearable feeling as quickly as possible.
The author was feeling more and more guilty, inhibited and sad.
himself: enter low-ceilinged rooms; tread cautiously;
experiencing a twinge of embarrassment; crushed,
Overwhelmed; difficult to ask; inhibited; jolt

26. Detailed Reading of Part III
Words and expressions
9. stun: v. to make someone/sth unconscious for a short time by a sudden attack; to shock (sb), esp. with sth unexpected Stunning: adj. very surprising or shocking ; extremely attractive or beautiful
The impact of the ball had stunned her. John stunned the crowd with a last-minute goal. You look stunning in your new suit.
What a stunning discovery!
practice
10. This done, I entered one of the low-ceilinged rooms of the little floating house, treading cautiously on the soft matting and experiencing a twinge of embarrassment at the prospect of meeting the mayor of Hiroshima in my socks.

27. Detailed Reading of Part III
Words and expressions
11. tatami: n. Straw matting used as a floor covering especially in a Japanese house.

28. Detailed Reading of Part III
Words and expressions
2. prospect: n. wide view of a landscape; picture in the mind or imagination, esp of a future event; the possibility that something will happen or something expected
a magnificent prospect of mountain peaks and lakes
She viewed the prospect of a week alone in the house without much enthusiasm.
A new round of trade talks is in prospect.
practice
3. crush: v. n. break sth hard into small pieces or into powder by pressing; defeat (sb/sth) completely; a strong feeling of romantic love for someone
Wine is made by crushing grapes.
The rebellion was crushed by government forces.
Her refusal crushed all our hopes.
She had a huge crush on her geography teacher.
practice

29. Detailed Reading of Part III
Words and expressions
4. inhibit: v. to prevent something from doing something well that should be natural or easy to do; inhibition n. Inhibited a.
An unhappy family life may inhibit children's learning.
Shyness inhibited him from speaking.
Recording the meeting may inhibit people from expressing their real views.
practice
5. agitate: v. to argue strongly in public for something you want, especially a political or social change煽动; 鼓吹; to make someone feel anxious, upset, and nervous使（人﹑ 感情等）产生忧虑; 搅乱; 激动

30. Detailed Reading of Part III
Words and expressions
agitate against nuclear weapons
agitate for higher pay
I must warn you that any mention of Clare agitates your grandmother.
practice
6. jolt: v. to move suddenly and roughly; to give someone a sudden shock or surprise
The old bus jolted along the wet rough road.
It jolted me into making the decision to quit.
Her sharp words seemed to jolt him out of his depression.
practice

31. Detailed Reading of Part III
Words and expressions
8. oyster: n. a type of shellfish that can be eaten cooked or uncooked, and that produces a jewel called a pearl

32. Detailed Reading of Part III
Words and expressions
9. The atomic museum: n.

33. What did the author describe in this part?
Detailed Reading of Part IV
What did the author describe in this part?
The meeting/interview with the victims at the hospital, especially the great agony they suffered.
description details
settings: smell of formaldehyde and ether; stretchers
& wheelchairs line; nurses walk by carrying; send
Shivers down the spine of any healthy visitor.
The interview reveals the great agony they suffered.
Physically: hair began to fall out; belly turned to
water; have been testing, treating, keeping alive by
constant care; some committed suicide;
Mentally: humiliating to survive; children encounter
prejudice; no one will marry the daughter or niece
Lucky birds: They pass days of great suffering as if
they were years; they have learned to live with it;
what great courage & determination it demands.

34. Detailed Reading of Part IV
Questions
Why did the fisherman gaze at me with interest?
It might be that the writer was the first person who had ever showed interest in him or in people like him and had come to see and hear them
2. what do you feel at the old man’s words (…has been making little lucky
birds, congratulating himself…)?
There is one kind of extremely sorrowful state of mind in the world :
The usual way to show one’s grief is crying one’s tears out. Furthermore,
it comes to standing there, looking into a distance, dumbfounded. And the
most heart-breaking sorrow is from a long period of suffering to acceptance,
and then pretending to enjoy the state of suffering.
3. The writer didn’t ask questions he prepared but tore it, why?
Because they were absolutely stupid questions, for the answers go clearly
without asking.

35. Detailed Reading of Part IV
Words and expressions
humiliate: v. make (sb) feel ashamed or disgraced; lower the dignity or self-respect of humiliating adj. Humiliation n.
Her boss humiliated her in front of all her colleagues.
He felt humiliated by her scornful remarks.
a rather humiliating experience
suffer public humiliation
practice
2. on one’s part/on the part of sb.: made or done by sb 由某人做出 for one’s part: as far as someone is concerned 就某人来说
It was an error on my part. 那是我的过失.
The agreement has been kept on my part but not on his. 我一直遵守协议, 但他并不遵守.
For my part, I don't mind where we eat. 对我来说……

36. Post Reading of the Text
Writing Technique
1. Contrast: description of the scenery and of his own emotion
Scenery: lively, happy, vigorous, cheerful, etc.
Psychology: repentant, penitent(悔罪的; 忏悔的) , guilty, sad.
Hiroshima symbolizes war crime, sin, death, terror, etc.
2. Humour: serious looking men, bob up and down, the cab driver, the usher, meeting the mayor in his socks, spinal column flexible, Hiroshima---oysters, small man with very large eye-glasses, his eyes nearly closed behind their thick lenses, etc.

37. Post Reading of the Text
Rhetoric device
Irony: a figure of speech in which the meaning literally expressed is the opposite of the meaning intended and which aims at ridicule, humour or sarcasm.反语是一种富有荒谬、幽默、讽刺挖苦的表达方法，其所用的词语意欲表达的意义与这些词语通常的意义相反。分反义正说、正义反说两种：
Hiroshima---the Liveliest City in Japan
Each day of suffering that helps to free my from earthly cares
congratulate myself on the good fortune that my illness has brought me
你这个狠心贼!

38. Post Reading of the Text
Rhetoric device
Metonymy(借代): Metonymy is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another. This substituted name may be an attribute of that other thing or be closely associated with it. In other words, it involves a change of name.
Metonymy can be derived from various sources:
a. Names of persons
Uncle Sam: the USA
b. Animals
the bear: the Soviet Union
the dragon : the Chinese (a fight between the bear and the dragon)

39. Post Reading of the Text
Rhetoric device
c. Parts of the body
heart: feelings and emotions
head, brain: wisdom, intelligence, reason
grey hair: old age
d. Profession:
the press: newspapers, reporters etc.
He met the press yesterday evening at the Grand Hotel.
the bar: the legal profession
e. location of government, business etc.
the White House: the US president and his government
Wall Street: US financial circles
Hollywood: American filmmaking industry

40. Post Reading of the Text
Rhetoric device
e.g.
She was a girl who excited the emotions, but I was not one to let my heart rule my head.
...little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers ... struggle between kimono and the miniskirt
I thought that Hiroshima still felt the impact
Anti-Climax: the sudden appearance of an absurd or trivial idea following a serious significant ideas and suspensions. This device is usu. aimed at creating comic or humorous effects.
a town known throughout the world for its--oysters
The duties of a soldier are to protect is country and peel potatoes.

41. Post Reading of the Text
Rhetoric device
Euphemism: the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant.
e.g:
He was sentenced to prison---He is now living at the government's expenses.
The boy is a bit slow for his age.
to go to heaven---dead
to go to the bathroom, do one's business, answer the nature's call, wash my hands.
Each day of suffering that helps to free me from earthly cares.

42. Post Reading of the Text
Writing
Rhetorical Question: a question that needs no answer, but used for emphasis
Was I not at the scene of the crime?
Thank you for your listening!