2. Chapter Menu Lesson 1: Producers and Consumers
Lesson 2: Energy in Ecosystems
Lesson 3: Matter in Ecosystems
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding lesson.

3. 13.1 Producers and Consumers
ecology
producer
photosynthesis
consumer
protozoan
herbivore
carnivore
omnivore
decomposer
scavenger

4. Ecosystems An ecosystem includes biotic and abiotic factors.
13.1 Producers and Consumers
Ecosystems
An ecosystem includes biotic and abiotic factors.
Ecology is the study of the interactions between living things and their environment.

5. 13.1 Producers and Consumers
Producers are organisms that use light energy from the Sun or energy from chemical reactions to make their own food.
Only a few types of producers on Earth make food without energy.
Producers use carbon dioxide and water to make sugars, which they use as food.

6. 13.1 Producers and Consumers
Producers (cont.)

7. 13.1 Producers and Consumers
The Sun
Photosynthesis is a process that some producers use to make their own food using light energy.

8. Plants Most green plants are producers.
13.1 Producers and Consumers
Plants
Most green plants are producers.
Plants use light energy, water, and carbon dioxide and make simple sugars.
These sugars are a source of energy and carbon.

9. 13.1 Producers and Consumers
Protists and Bacteria
Some protists are producers, such as algae, dinoflagellates, and euglenas.
Some bacteria, called cyanobacteria, carry out photosynthesis.

10. 13.1 Producers and Consumers
Chemosynthesis
Some bacteria make food using energy from chemical reactions in a process called chemosynthesis.
Some chemosynthetic bacteria live deep in the ocean where sunlight never reaches.

11. Consumers Consumers are organisms that cannot make their own food.
13.1 Producers and Consumers
Consumers
Consumers are organisms that cannot make their own food.
All animals are consumers because they eat other organisms or their wastes.
Some consumers eat producers, and some eat other consumers.
Some consumers, such as protozoans, are single-celled.

12. Types of Consumers Herbivores are animals that eat only plants.
13.1 Producers and Consumers
Types of Consumers
Herbivores are animals that eat only plants.
Carnivores are animals that only eat other animals.
Omnivores are animals that eat other animals and plants.

13. Types of Consumers (cont.)
13.1 Producers and Consumers
Types of Consumers (cont.)
Scavengers are organisms that eat dead animals.
Decomposers break down dead organisms, and animal droppings, and other wastes produced by living things.

14. 13.1 Producers and ConsumersB C D
_____ is the science of the interactions of living things and their environments.
A Chemistry
B Biology
C Ecology
D Environmentalism
Lesson 1 Review

15. 13.1 Producers and ConsumersB C D
What process do some bacteria that are deep in the ocean use and make food?
A photosynthesis
B chemosynthesis
C decomposition
D consumption
Lesson 1 Review

16. 13.1 Producers and ConsumersB C D
Which consumer breaks down dead organisms and wastes produced by living things?
A decomposers
B herbivores
C omnivores
D scavengers
Lesson 1 Review

17. End of Lesson 1

18. 13.2 Energy in Ecosystems food chain food web primary consumer
secondary consumer
tertiary consumer

19. Energy Through the Ecosystems
13.2 Energy in Ecosystems
Energy Through the Ecosystems
Energy moves one way through an ecosystem—from producers to consumers and decomposers.
Organisms do not create or destroy energy; they change it from one form to another.

20. Food as Energy Energy passes through ecosystems as food.
13.2 Energy in Ecosystems
Food as Energy
Energy passes through ecosystems as food.

21. 13.2 Energy in Ecosystems
Food Chains
A food chain is an illustration of how energy moves though an ecosystem.

22. 13.2 Energy in Ecosystems
Food Webs
An ecosystem contains more than one type of producer, and most organisms eat more than one type of food.
A food web is a more complicated model of the flow of energy in an ecosystem.

23. 13.2 Energy in Ecosystems
Food Webs (cont.)

24. 13.2 Energy in Ecosystems
Energy Pyramids
An energy pyramid is a diagram that shows how much energy is available to each type of consumer.
The bottom layer has the most available energy and contains the producers.
The middle layers contain primary consumers and secondary consumers.
The small top layer has the least available energy and contains tertiary consumers.

25. Energy Pyramids (cont.)
13.2 Energy in Ecosystems
Energy Pyramids (cont.)
Temperate Deciduous Forest

26. Energy Pyramids (cont.)
13.2 Energy in Ecosystems
Energy Pyramids (cont.)
Desert

27. Energy Pyramids (cont.)
13.2 Energy in Ecosystems
Energy Pyramids (cont.)
Tropical Rainforest

28. Releasing Thermal Energy
13.2 Energy in Ecosystems
Releasing Thermal Energy
All organisms release some energy in food as thermal energy.
This is why less energy is available with each step up an energy pyramid.
How is energy transferred through a community of organisms?

29. Which accurately represents the flow of energy in an ecosystem?
13.2 Energy in Ecosystems A B C D
Which accurately represents the flow of energy in an ecosystem?
A food chain
B food pyramid
C food web
D energy pyramid
Lesson 2 Review

30. What does the bottom layer of an energy pyramid represent?
13.2 Energy in Ecosystems A B C D
What does the bottom layer of an energy pyramid represent?
A primary consumers
B producers
C tertiary consumers
D herbivores
Lesson 2 Review

31. 13.2 Energy in Ecosystems A B C D
The energy in an energy pyramid is dependent on the number of _____ in an ecosystem.
A producers
B tertiary consumers
C primary consumers
D secondary consumers
Lesson 2 Review

32. End of Lesson 2

33. 13.3 Matter in Ecosystems nitrifying bacteria nitrogen cycle
phosphorus cycle
carbon cycle

34. 13.3 Matter in Ecosystems
Cycles of Matter
The amount of matter—anything that has mass and takes up space—on Earth never changes.
Elements that make up matter cycle among living things and between abiotic and biotic environments.

35. 13.3 Matter in Ecosystems
Nitrogen Cycle
Nitrifying bacteria change atmospheric nitrogen into forms of nitrogen that plants can take up through their roots.
The nitrogen cycle describes how nitrogen moves from the atmosphere to the soil, to living organisms, and then back to the atmosphere.

36. 13.3 Matter in Ecosystems
Nitrogen Cycle (cont.)

37. 13.3 Matter in Ecosystems
Phosphorus Cycle
The phosphorus cycle describes how phosphorus moves from soil to producers and consumers, and back to soil.

38. 13.3 Matter in Ecosystems
The Carbon Cycle
The carbon cycle describes how carbon moves between the living and nonliving environments.
Carbon is the key element in sugars, proteins, starches, and many other compounds that make up living things.

39. The Carbon Cycle (cont.)
13.3 Matter in Ecosystems
The Carbon Cycle (cont.)

40. _____ is anything that has mass and takes up space. A Matter B Carbon
13.3 Matter in Ecosystems A B C D
_____ is anything that has mass and takes up space.
A Matter
B Carbon
C Nitrogen
D Phosphorus
Lesson 3 Review

41. 13.3 Matter in Ecosystems A B C D
What process changes nitrogen into a form that plants can take up through their roots?
A photosynthesis
B chemosynthesis
C nitrogen cycling
D carbon cycling
Lesson 3 Review

42. Which element is the key element in sugars, proteins, and starches?
13.3 Matter in Ecosystems A B C D
Which element is the key element in sugars, proteins, and starches?
A nitrogen
B phosphorus
C oxygen
D carbon
Lesson 3 Review

43. End of Lesson 3

44. Chapter Resources Menu
Chapter Assessment
California Standards Practice
Image Bank
Science Online
Interactive Table
Virtual Lab
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding feature.

45. Green plants are ____. A consumers B producers C scavengers
D decomposers
Chapter Assessment 1

46. What are organisms that cannot make their own food called? A producers B C D
What are organisms that cannot make their own food called?
A producers
B algae
C consumers
D chemosynthetic
Chapter Assessment 2

47. What does a food chain show? A how carbon moves through an ecosystem
B how consumers move through an ecosystem
C how producers move through an ecosystem
D how energy moves through an ecosystem
Chapter Assessment 3

48. What does an energy pyramid represent? B C D
What does an energy pyramid represent?
A how much matter is in an ecosystem
B how much energy is available in an ecosystem
C which consumers eat which producers
D the number of species in an ecosystem
Chapter Assessment 4

49. Most humans are _____. A producers B scavengers C herbivores
D omnivores
Chapter Assessment 5

50. What to herbivores eat? A animals B plants C plants and animals
SCI 5.c A B C D
What to herbivores eat?
A animals
B plants
C plants and animals
D dead matter
CA Standards Practice 1

51. Why is the carbon cycle essential to life on Earth?
SCI 5.c A B C D
Why is the carbon cycle essential to life on Earth?
A Carbon is the key element in sugars, proteins, and starches.
B Carbon allows sunlight to penetrate Earth’s atmosphere.
C Carbon keeps harmful UV rays from entering Earth’s atmosphere.
D Carbon is broken down during decomposition of plants and animals.
CA Standards Practice 2

52. SCI 5.a A B C D
Which level in an energy pyramid has the least amount of available energy?
A bottom layer
B first middle layer
C second middle layer
D top layer
CA Standards Practice 3

53. What do secondary consumers eat? A primary consumers B producers
SCI 5.a A B C D
What do secondary consumers eat?
A primary consumers
B producers
C primary consumers and producers
D secondary producers
CA Standards Practice 4

54. What is the main source of energy for most producers? A light
SCI 5.a A B C D
What is the main source of energy for most producers?
A light
B nitrification
C chemosynthesis
D scavenging
CA Standards Practice 5

55. Image Bank

56. Interactive Table

57. End of Resources