1. Segregation in the new south

2. Segregation laws Late 1880s Southern Democrats write segregation laws
Laws that separate black people from white people
“Jim Crow” laws
A song from a minstrel show
Laws make blacks “second class citizens.”

3. Blacks and whites already separated
The two races already separated in fact – de facto
Lived, worshipped, worked, and played in different places
Jim Crow imposed segregation by law – de jure
Why switch from de facto to de jure?
Worsening economic conditions
Increased political turmoil – class-based populism
Less northern support for black civil rights
A new generation of blacks and whites

4. Legal Segregation before 1880s
Some places were segregated by law before 1880s
Schools
Cemeteries
Militia companies
Welfare institutions
Most places were segregated by custom

5. White southerners had Tacit support for segregation
Southern whites sent a message from
The Supreme Court (1883)
The United States Congress
Northern apathy
Whites Southerners can control black southerners
Exploit black labor
Exclude blacks from white society
Make blacks “second class” citizens

6. The First segregation laws
1881 – Tennessee – Separate Coach law
Trains must provide separate first class accommodations
Laws in other states require separate accommodations in . . .
. . . theaters, parks, public transportation
Soon, there were Jim Crow . . .
Water fountains
Bathrooms
hone booths
Courtroom Bibles

7. Residential segregation
1910 – Several cities pass residential segregation ordinances
Baltimore, New Orleans, Louisville, Atlanta, Augusta, Richmond
1917 – Supreme Court says governments cannot enforce residential segregation
Buchanan v. Warley
De facto segregation continued
White discrimination (red lining)
Black choice (self segregation)

8. Plessy vs. Ferguson Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court Ruling, 1896
Segregation was constitutional
As longs as both races received equal treatment
The doctrine of “Separate but equal”
In truth, separate was NEVER EQUAL
Black people always had inferior accommodations
Black schools were always underfunded
Southern states spent less than half on Blacks

9. Jim Crow and the Judicial System
Jim Crow influenced the southern judicial system
Blacks could not sit on juries
Blacks received harsher penalties
The convict lease system exploited Black prisoners

10. Social customs
Black southerners addressed White southerners with respect
Mister, Miss, Ma’am
White southerners addressed Black southerners disrespectfully
By the first name, “Boy,” “Sister”
Many jobs were reserved for whites
Blacks could not enter a white persons house
Unless they were a servant
Usually by the back door

11. Punishment for violating Jim Crow
Blacks who challenged Jim Crow could be . . .
Tarred and feathered
Whipped and beaten
Thousands were lynched
1890s – 188 lynchings per year
82% took place in the South
32% of the victims were white
Most lynching took place in rural areas

12. Many Whites defended lynching
Press and white politicians said lynching was justified
To punish Black rapists
Less than 33% of the victims were accused of rape
Lynching – to remind Blacks of “their place.”
Following an act of Blacks being “uppity”
Lynching was a form of mass entertainment

13. Violence in the cities Mass attacks on Blacks and Black neighborhoods
Miami (1898)
Wilmington, North Carolina (1899)
New Orleans, Louisiana (1900)
Atlanta Georgia (1906)

14. Black disfranchised, 1880s and 1890s
White lawmakers make it very hard for Blacks to vote
1880s – 1890s
Poor whites and blacks uniting – Populism
White lawmakers take away vote
Lawmakers never violate the 15th Amendment
Written ballots
Poll Tax
Literacy tests
Grandfather clause