1. Odysseus’ Emotional Trials
In order to stay alive, Odysseus must maintain his disguise as a beggar.

2. He must stay in character when:
he sees his son for the first time.
he hears a disloyal slave saying he’s glad Odysseus is dead.
he sees his dog lying on a dung heap.
he sees his wife Penelope for the first time.
he is insulted and abused by the suitors.

3. Odysseus and Telemakhos
Telemakhos greets Eumaios with the Greek term “atta,” which translates as dada, papa, or uncle.
This choice illustrates the role the translator plays in shaping the meaning of a scene. The term “uncle” is probably closest to the relationship between Telemakhos and Eumaios.
However, consider the emotional impact if the first word Odysseus hears from his son is “papa,” and it’s directed at another man. Again…Odysseus cannot afford to react.

4. Athena tells Odysseus to reveal his identity to Telemakhos.
Eumaios leaves to tell Penelope that her son has returned home safely.
Athena beautifies Odysseus so he can reveal his true identity to his son.
Telemakhos doesn’t believe this is his father. He thinks it’s a god.
There is no way for Odysseus to prove his identity.
A leap of faith is necessary—there’s no proof.

5. Instructions to Telemakhos
After hearing the odds from his son (108 suitors + 10 servants), Odysseus is confident they can handle the situation. Telemakhos is in awe of his father.
Instructions to Telemakhos:
1. Do not react when Odysseus is abused.
2. At Odysseus’ signal, Telemakhos must remove the weapons from the walls of the dining hall. Say they are being cleaned.
3. Tell no one that the beggar is Odysseus.

6. Encounters on the Way to the Palace
Disloyal servant: Melanthios
Loyal dog: Argos
Both are emotional trials

7. Melanthios—the Goat herd
He serves as a foil for Eumaios (the loyal Swine herd)
They meet on the path. Melanthios abuses “the beggar” on the path, kicking him. Odysseus debates inwardly whether or not to kill the man, but he must exercise restraint.
Melanthios says that Odysseus is dead and he hopes Telemakhos dies, too.

8. Argos Lying on a heap of dung in the courtyard.
Obviously very old…21 or 22 years old
Another emotional trial…Argos recognizes his master, wags his tale, then dies without any acknowledgement from his master.
Sentimental scene
Metaphor

9. Argos (as metaphor) The state of Odysseus’ home and society…
A once magnificent dog dying on a dung heap…
Represents the state of affairs in Ithaca
Again, the translator plays a role…
Consider the word “flies” used by Fitzgerald.
Other translators use “vermin,” “ticks,” or “fleas.”
All work better in this implied metaphor: The “ticks” are draining the blood of Argos, just as the Suitors are draining the life out of Ithaca.