1. Chapter 3

2. Animal form and function are correlated at all levels of organization
Animals are composed of cells
Groups of cells with a common structure and function
Make up tissues
Different tissues make up organs
Which together make up organ systems

3. Tissue Structure and Function Different types of tissues
Have different structures that are suited to their functions
Tissues are classified into four main categories
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

4. Tissues The human body is composed of four tissue types: Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
TISSUE: An organized assembly of cells that have similar structures and perform a specific function
Epithelial Tissue – covers internal and external body surfaces
Connective Tissue – forms the supportive framework of the organs and the body
Muscle Tissue – provides the body with movement and support
Nervous Tissue – conducts and coordinates body information
Chapter 3 – Organization of the Body

5. Tissues Tissues come from cell differentiation of cells as a
Fetus grows.
First Three tissues that develop -called
Embryological germ layers
1-Ectoderm-forms skin and brain
2-Mesoderm-forms bones and muscle
3-Endoderm-forms digestive organs
Each germ layer is responsible for laying down the
Four human tissue types.
Stem Cells-retain their ability to undergo cell division.
They assist further body development and healing later in
Life.

6. Epithelial Tissue Epithelial tissue
Covers the outside of the body and lines organs and cavities within the body
Contains cells that are closely joined

7. Types of Epithelial Tissue
Shapes of Epithelial Tissue
Squamous cells- flat cells, make up thin coverings of organs
Cuboidal-cube shaped cells usually associated with structures that produce secretions.
Columnar -tall column shaped are involved in secretions
and the uptake of material into the body.
Layers of Epithelial Tissue
Simple- a single layer of cells
Stratified-multilayered cells where there is a lot of wear and tear on the body--skin
Pseudostratified-is a single layer but the arrangement gives the impression that it is stratified.-Found in tubes leading to lungs
Transitional-occurs where cells change shape from columnar to squamous for stretch and expansion.

8. Stratified squamous epithelia Simple squamous epithelia
Epithelial tissue
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
Columnar epithelia, which have cells with relatively large cytoplasmic volumes, are often
located where secretion or active absorption of substances is an important function.
A simple
columnar
epithelium
A stratified columnar
epithelium
A pseudostratified
ciliated columnar
epithelium
Stratified squamous epithelia
Cuboidal epithelia
Simple squamous epithelia
Basement membrane
40 µm

9. Connective Tissue Connective tissue
Functions mainly to bind and support other tissues
Contains sparsely packed cells scattered throughout an extracellular matrix

10. Fibrous connective tissue
100 µm
Chondrocytes
Collagenous
fiber
Chondroitin
sulfate
Elastic
fiber
100 µm
Cartilage
Loose connective tissue
Connective tissue
Adipose tissue
Fibrous connective tissue
Fat droplets
Nuclei
150 µm
30 µm
Bone
Blood
Central
canal
Red blood cells
White blood cell
Osteon
Plasma
700 µm
55 µm

11. Connective Tissue
Connective tissue-cells are found in a matrix of gel, liquid, protein fibers, or salts.
Common proteins found in the matrix
Collagen-for strength
Elastin- for flexability
Reticulum- for support
Classified as
Loose Connective Tissue
Dense Connective Tissue

12. Types of Connective Tissue
Loose connective tissue
Most abundant
Refers to connective tissue that provides attachment, stabilization, structure, and support for other tissues.
Blood is a type of Loose connective tissue

13. Dense Connective Tissue
Provides strength (bone and cartilage)
Storage (adipose)
Flexibility (ligaments and tendons)

14. Muscle Tissue Muscle tissue
Is composed of long cells called muscle fibers capable of contracting in response to nerve signals
Is divided in the vertebrate body into three types:
skeletal
cardiac
smooth

15. Smooth Muscle Involuntary muscle control Smooth, no striations
Location- linings of blood vessels and tubular organs-stomach, intestines
Perstalsis of substances through internal passageways

16. Cardiac Muscle Location -heart muscle
Under involuntary control and striated
Pumps blood in circulatory system

17. Skeletal Muscle Large cells with striations Under voluntary control
Attached to joints and bones for voluntary movement

18. Nervous Tissue Nervous tissue
Senses stimuli and transmits signals throughout the animal
Composed of two cells types
Neurons-cells that transmit impulses
Neuroglia- not involved in transmission of impulses

19. Types of Neurons
Motor Neurons
Sensory neurons
Interneurons

20. Neuroglial cells
Astrocytes- provide organization and support for the nervous system
Oligodendrites- form sheaths called myelin arund nerve fibers-myelin speeds up transmission of nerve impulses
Ependymal cells-secrete fluids that protect the brain
Microglia- believed to maintain the ion balance needed for nerve cell function.

21. Muscle and nervous tissue
MUSCLE TISSUE
100 µm
Skeletal muscle
Multiple
nuclei
Muscle fiber
Sarcomere
Cardiac muscle
Nucleus
Intercalated
disk
50 µm
Smooth muscle
Nucleus
Muscle
fibers
25 µm
NERVOUS TISSUE
Neurons
Process
Cell body
Nucleus
50 µm

22. Organs and Systems Organ systems of the human body: Cardiovascular
Digestive
Integumentary
Lymphatic
Muscular
Skeletal
Endocrine
Reproductive
Respiratory
Urinary
Cardiovascular  regulates blood flow
Digestive  regulates nutrition
Integumentary  provides protection
Lymphatic  regulates body fluids, helps fight disease
Muscular  provides structure and movement
Skeletal  provides support and movement
Endocrine  regulates body function and development
Reproductive  regulates sexual function
Respiratory  regulates atmospheric gasses and certain body wastes
Urinary  regulates production, storage, and removal of urine
Chapter 3 – Organization of the Body

23. Organs and Organ Systems
In all but the simplest animals
Different tissues are organized into organs
Organs- a group of tissues that perform some function within an organ system.

24. In some organs The tissues are arranged in layers Lumen of stomach
Mucosa. The mucosa is an
epithelial layer that lines
the lumen.
Submucosa. The submucosa is
a matrix of connective tissue
that contains blood vessels
and nerves.
Muscularis. The muscularis consists mainly of smooth muscle tissue.
0.2 mm
Serosa. External to the muscularis is the serosa, a thin layer of connective and epithelial tissue.

25. Representing a level of organization higher than organs
Organ systems carry out the major body functions of most animals

26. Function of the Organ Systems
Cardiovascular-distributes the blood flow needed for proper cell environment.
Digestive-provides nutrients to the cells.
Integumentary- covers, protects, and provides temperature regulation for the body
Lymphatic-helps fight diseases and distribute body fluids
Muscular-involved with posture and movement
Nervous-coordinates the body and registers environmental factors.
Reproductive-reproduction of offspring
Respiratory-exchange of atmospheric gases
Skeletal-works with muscular system to provide support and movement.
Urinary-storing and removing urine from the body

27. Parts of each organ system
Cardiovascular-heart, arteries, veins, capillaries
Digestive-mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, large intestines
liver, gall bladder, pancreas, salivary glands
3. Integumentary-hair, skin, nails
4. Lymphatic-tonsils, thymus, lymph nodes, lymph vessels, spleen
5. Muscular-skeletal muscles, tendons
6. Nervous-brain, spinal cord
Reproductive- penis, seminal vesicle, prostate gland, ductus deferens, testes,
mammary glands, fallopian tubes, ovaries, uterus
8. Respiratory-nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, diaphragm
9. Skeletal-bones, cartilage, joints
10. Urinary-kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra.

28. Wellness and Illness over the Life Span
Cell pathology is the basis of understanding dysfunction of the body’s hierarchy.
Almost all gross diseases are due to dysfunction of one or more tissues in an organ system.
Cellular aging is due to accumulated molecular decay.
Dysfunction: Abnormal, impaired, or incomplete functioning of an organism, organ system, organ, tissue, or cell
Chapter 3 – Organization of the Body

29. Pathology of cells
Major types of cell pathology can lead to the following conditions:
1- Amyloid deposition-amyloids are a proteinlike substance that can
collects in the cells and tissues
Thought amyloids are intended to help the cells but cause harm
when they build up in the cytoplasm
Amyloid proteins are important indicators of cell damage.
The cell uses this information to try and correct the cell injury.
Alzheimer’s disease is an example of amyloid deposition.
2-Atrophy-is wasting or decrease in size of a cell, tissue, or organ.
Undernutrition and blood flow problems are common causes of atrophy
3-Dysplasia-is disorderly growth pattern in a tissue or organ.
4-Dystrophy-means ‘ill-growth’ it involves progressive changes
In a tissue that is usually due to malnutrition, undernutrition, or decreased
Blood flow.

30. Hyperplasia-the abnormal multiplication in the number of normal cells
Fatty change-the accumulation of lipids in the cell due to cell injury.
Hyperplasia-the abnormal multiplication in the number of normal cells
In a tissue (endometriosis)
Hypertrophy -the enlargement of cell size
Metaplasia change to a cell that can lead to cancer
Metastasis the mobility of a cell with metaplasia
Necrosis the death of cells

31. Fatty change in
the liver

32. Muscle
hypertrophy
Increase in
Cell size
Muscle dystrophy
Brain atrophy
Decrease in cell
size

33. Hip dysplasia
Gum hyperplasia
Disorderly
Growth pattern
Abnormal number of cells
Endometriosis-uterus lining
Overgrows and covers Fallopian
Tubes and abdominal cavity

34. Metastasis

35. Cellular Aging -Accumulation of molecular decay.
Damage to cells is worsened by exposure to hazardous chemicals,
Pollution, smoking, radiation, U-V light, viruses, and stress
--Cells accumulate years of damage in the cytoplasm over the
lifetime of an individual---called Accumulated Cell Damage
Eventually these cells will fail at their tasks.
--Cells that accumulate too much chemical damage can die
prematurely. This type of cell death is a normal cellular
process that does not harm nearby cells.

36. Cells that regularly replicate accumulate a different type
of damage.
There DNA can be damaged every time they go through mitosis. Deleterious mutations are likely to occur.
After replicating hundreds of times, cells of the digestive, respiratory, and integumentary system may perform abnormally due to the accumulation of mutations.
Some of these mutations may lead to cancer.
Also, every round of mitosis shortens the ends of the chromosomes.
Telemeres are the ends of chromosomes.
Telemeres do not carry genes.
But it is thought that if they are shortened too much it can make the chromosome structure abnormal. This may cause the cell to malfunction or undergo programmed cell death.

37. Summary Each body part is a piece of a complex organism
Each level is dependent on the levels below
Components must work together to maintain homeostasis
Chapter 3 – Organization of the Body