1. The Cellular Basis of Inheritance.
All cells come from cells.
Chapter 9 in text

2. Repair & Growth
Cell division in a multicellular organism occurs for growth, tissue repair, or to develop new tissue.

3. B. Reproduction
Cell division in a unicellular organism is called asexual reproduction.

4. Very little or no variation in offspring No mate selection needed
2 types of Reproduction
Asexual reproduction
One parent
Very little or no variation in offspring
No mate selection needed

5. Varying degrees of mate selection
2 types of Reproduction
Sexual reproduction
Two parents
Great variation
Varying degrees of mate selection

6. Some examples of asexual reproduction using mitosis

7. Binary Fission
Mitosis (nuclear division) and equal cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division)

8. Mitosis and unequal cytokinesis
Budding in Yeast
Mitosis and unequal cytokinesis

9. Budding (asexual reproduction)
Hydra:
Budding (asexual reproduction)

10. Turn to page 2 of the note package.
Clone: a cell or organism that is genetically identical to the cell or organism from which it was derived.
Turn to page 2 of the note package.

11. Nuclear material a. Chromatin: -DNA is Thread-like
1. Chromosome forms
a. Chromatin:
-DNA is Thread-like
-Easy to “read” to make protein and DNA replication
- Single or double stranded

12. Nuclear material Chromosomes: -Super-coiled (tightly packed)
1. Chromosome forms
Chromosomes:
-Super-coiled (tightly packed)
-Easy to “move”for cell division
- Single or double stranded

13. Chromosome
(Single Stranded)
Chromatin
(Double Stranded)
Chromatin
(Single Stranded)
Chromosome
(Double Stranded)

14. Sister Chromatids – each side of a double stranded chromosome (they each contain the same copy of DNA)
Centromere – the area in a double stranded chromosome where sister chromatids are connected

15. Sister Chromatids
Centromere
Chromatid

17. Please answer the four questions on page 2.

18. Turn to page 3 of the note package.

19. Histones – proteins that DNA bind to. Loosely packed forms chromatin
Tightly packed forms chromosomes

20. Where are the histone proteins?

21. This is a double-strand
chromosome.
This is chromatin
Chromatid

22. Turn to page 4 of the note package.

23. Chromosome Number
Each species has a particular chromosome number that is found in each body cell.

24. The number of chromosomes found in the body cells of these species
Fruit Fly – 8
Pigeon – 80
Human – 46
Gorilla – 48
Corn - 20

25. Chromosome Number
Gametes (sperm cells and egg cells) have half the chromosome number of body cells.

26. Chromosome Number
How many chromosomes in a liver cell of a golden hamster? 44

27. Chromosome Number
How many chromosomes are in a root cell of a rice plant? 24

28. Chromosome Number
How many chromosomes are in a sperm cell of a dog? 39

29. Chromosome Number
How many chromosomes in a skin cell of a carp?
104

30. Chromosome Number 12
How many chromosomes are in an egg cell of a tomato’s blossom?

31. Turn to page 5 of the note package.

32. Genome – the complete set of genetic material
in an organism.
Arranged by base pairs (A, T, C, G)

33. Human Genome Project
The complete sequence of the human genome was completed in 2003.
This information is available in a database for researchers to use to diagnose, treat, and prevent genetically transmitted diseases .
It is also used to study evolutionary relationships

34. Turn to page 6 of the note packet.

35. The events in a cell’s life from it’s birth until it divides again.
The Cell Cycle
The events in a cell’s life from it’s birth until it divides again.

36. The Stages of The Cell Cycle

37. Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis
Mitosis

38. G2 S M I G1
The Cell Cycle

39. Cell Cycle video – 5 min.

40. What can DNA do when it is in this form?
Interphase – nuclear material is in the form of chromatin
What can DNA do when it is in this form?
Protein synthesis & DNA replication

41. Organize for cell division
Mitosis – nuclear material is in the form of chromosomes
What can DNA do when it is in this form?
Organize for cell division

42. 1. Interphase
Includes:
G1 (Gap 1) cell metabolism, protein synthesis, growth
S (synthesis) DNA Replication
G2 (Gap 2) cell metabolism, building materials for mitosis, DNA checked for accuracy

43. The Cell Cycle

44. Watch the events of mitosis.
2. Mitotic Phase
Small portion of the cycle when the nuclear material is dividing
Watch the events of mitosis.

45. 2. Mitotic Phase =Prophase =Metaphase =Anaphase =Telophase
a. chromosome condensation
b. nuclear membrane disintegrates
c. spindle fibers form
d. chromosomes line up
e. separation of double stranded chromosomes
f. nuclear membrane forms
=Prophase
=Metaphase
=Anaphase
=Telophase

46. Chromatin changes to chromosomes.
Prophase
Chromatin changes to chromosomes.

47. Interphase

50. Time lapse photography of mitosis

51. Write the following information (next 2 slides) at the bottom of page 6

52. Cell Division involves
Mitosis: The division of the nuclear materials of
a cell.
Mitosis:
and

53. Cell Division involves
g. Cytokinesis:
(Also called cytoplasmic division.)
The separation of the cytoplasm into two cells each having one nucleus.

54. Watch the following Mitosis animation…

55. Turn to page 7
of the note package.

56. Mitosis/Cell Cycle video – 6 min.

57. Mitosis: Animal v. Plant

58. Name the cell parts that you see in this diagram?

59. Watch the following three videos, then summarize the difference between plant and animal mitosis.

60. Cytoplasmic division in animal cells

61. Cytokinesis in plants.

62. Cytokinesis in plants.

65. Turn to page 8
of the note package.

66. Cancer Mitosis out of control. Tumor cells: Fail to differentiate.
Use many nutrients.
Crowd other cells.

67. Cancer Cell Division – 2 min

68. Tumors & Cancer Benign abnormal mass of mostly normal cells
Remain at original state in the body

69. Tumors & Cancer
Malignant
Mass of cells
Reproduction of cancer cells

70. Tumors & Cancer Metastasis
Cancer cells spreading beyond the original site

71. Cancer

72. Metastasis Video – 2 min

73. Cancer Treatment Radiation Therapy
Tumors are exposed to high-energy radiation which disrupts cell division

74. Cancer Treatment
Chemotherapy
Drug therapy to prevent cell division

75. Meiosis Functions in Sexual Reproduction
9.5
Meiosis Functions in Sexual Reproduction

76. 1. Meiosis
A type of cell division that produces 4 cells, each with ½ the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

77. Turn to Page 9

78. 2. Karyotype
a. A picture that shows the chromosomes of an organism.

79. 2. Karyotype
b. The number of, shape of, and types of, chromosomes can be determined.

81. A chromosome spread as seen through a light microscope.

83. The chromosomes in this spread are double stranded.

85. A spread of double stranded chromosomes.

87. A karyotype of double stranded chromosomes

89. The chromosomes are arranged in homologous pairs.

91. Turn to Page 10

92. 3. Homologous chromosomes
Same length
Same relative position of the centromere.
Genes for the same traits.

94. 3. Homologous chromosomes
One member of each pair came from the mother and one from the father.

96. Sex chromosomes – X, Y Autosomes – 1, 2, 3,…..
There are two categories of chromosomes.
Sex chromosomes – X, Y
Autosomes – 1, 2, 3,…..
(numbers 1-22 in humans)

98. Turn to Page 10

99. 4. Diploid & Haploid Cells
a. Diploid number
Refers to cells that have:
Two sets of chromosomes
Pairs of chromosomes
Found in body cells

100. 4. Diploid & Haploid Cells
b. haploid number
Refers to cells that have:
One set of chromosomes
No pairs of chromosomes
Found in gametes (egg & sperm)

101. The diploid number is represented by 2n.
The haploid number is represented by n.

102. Monoploid and Haploid mean the same thing.

104. Gonads Reproductive organs used in sexual reproduction.
Testes in males
Ovaries in females

105. Gametes: Sex Cells Produced in the Gonads
Sperm cell
Egg cell (Ovum)
Small
Motile
A large volume of cytoplasm
Non motile

106. Gametes
Sperm cell
Egg cell
Ovum

107. Turn to Page 11

108. Fertilization
The joining of the nuclei of the sperm and egg.

109. Fertilization
May be internal or external.

110. Internal Fertilization:
Male releases the sperm inside of the female body.

111. External Fertilization:
Female & Male both release gametes into the environment where fertilization occurs.

112. External Fertilization

113. External Fertilization

114. Hermaphroditism

115. Hermaphroditism:
An organism that has functional male and female reproductive structures.

116. Zygote
The new cell formed by fertilization

117. Fertilization
Embryo
Zygote
Mitosis

118. What process makes two haploid cells become one diploid cell?
Fertilization

119. What process changes diploid cells into monoploid cells?
Meiosis

120. Homologs find each other and pair up.
Synapsis
Homologs find each other and pair up.

121. Synapsis results in tetrads.

122. Line up of tetrads during metaphase of meiosis I in a human cell

123. T E R A D Chromatids Chromosomes Tetrads What are there four of?
What are there two of?
Chromosomes
What is there one of?
Tetrads

124. Two Tetrads.

125. Crossing Over
Homologous pairs wrap around each other and exchange small segments of genetic material.

127. The separating of homologs during Anaphase I of Meiosis
Disjunction
The separating of homologs during Anaphase I of Meiosis

128. Meiosis Video - 2 min

129. Meiosis

130. Meiosis

131. 12.2 Accidents
affecting
chromosomes
can cause
disorders

132. Recall the process of meiosis…
What does the term
Disjunction mean?

133. What happens if a
mistake occurs
during meiosis?

134. (Nonseparation of chromosomes)
Non-disjunction
(Nonseparation of chromosomes)
Chromosomes fail to separate properly during Meiosis

137. Down Syndrome

138. 47
Female
47, XX, +21

140. 47
Male
47, XXY

141. Turner Syndrome

142. 45
Female
45, X

143. Comparison

144. Comparing Mitosis & Meiosis – 1 min

145. END

154. Ovum
Polar body

155. B A 23 23
n = _______
n = _______ C D 22 24
n = _______
n = _______