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A View OF A CELL Cell Function and Structure Chapter 7, pages 145-208
December 2-6, 2016
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Cells Cells Reinforced through the Cell Theory
The basic unit of living organisms Reinforced through the Cell Theory Robert Hooke in the 1600s observed cork under a microscope and named the structures he saw cells Many scientists then studied cells. Their work is summarized in the cell theory: All organisms are made up of one or more cells The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization of organisms All cells come from preexisting cells
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Validating Cell Theory
Types of microscopes Compound light microscopes: use lenses to magnify objects up to 1500 times Total magnification of the object is therefore calculated by multiplying the magnification of the ocular (eyepiece) times the objective (located in the revolving nosepiece) Our Lab Microscope can magnify (40x, 100x, 400x, 1000x)
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Electron Microscope Electron microscope: uses a beam of electrons to magnify objects up to 500,000 times Electrons scan a 3D image
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Types of Cells Two basic cell types
All cells have organelles: specialized structures in a cell with a specific function 1. Prokaryotic cells: have no membrane-bound organelles example: bacteria 2. Eukaryotic cells: have membrane-bound organelles examples: plant and animal cells
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Prokaryotic Cell Bacterial cells
Much smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells Organelles include only a plasma membrane cell wall capsule: extra protective layer outside the cell wall ribosomes single loop of DNA free in the cytoplasm sometimes has pili: small hairs on the outside of the cell used for movement sometimes has flagella
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Eukaryotic Cell Plant cells Animal cells
Tend to be square or rectangular Examples: Trees, flowers, vegetables Animal cells Tend to be round Examples: Animals, insects, humans
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Microscopy Lab
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Organelles in Eukaryotic Cells
Organelle Name Function Found in… Plasma (Cell) membrane Allows materials to move in and out of cell Plant & animal cells Cytoplasm Clear jelly inside a cell Ribosome Makes proteins Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Chemical reactions Golgi apparatus Sorts and transports proteins Mitochondrion Makes usable energy for the cell Nucleus Cell control center that contains the DNA Nucleolus Inside the nucleus; Makes ribosomes Vacuole Stores food, water, and waste Cytoskeleton network of rods that maintains the cell’s shape
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Unique to Eukaryotic Cell Type
Organelle Name Function Found in… Cell wall Supports and protects the cell Plant cells only Chloroplast Contains green chlorophyll pigment which captures sunlight to produce food Lysosome Digests food particles, old organelles, bacteria, and viruses Animal cells only Centrioles Help in cell division Cilia Short hairs on the outside of the cell for movement Flagella Long tail on the outside of a cell for movement
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