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PSY 201 Instructor: Ms. T. Gumbs
General Psychology PSY 201 Instructor: Ms. T. Gumbs
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PSY 201 Website & Course Textbook
My website: Blog: Psychology: Concepts and Connections, 10th edition by Spencer Rathus
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Determinism v. Free Will
Do you believe in determinism, (i.e., your is life determined by outside forces?) or Do you believe in free will? What can science hope to reveal if the world is not determined?
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Ch. 1 What is psychology?
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Pseudopsychologies Pseudopsychologies are unreliable approaches that do not use the scientific method Examples of pseudopsychologies include: Phrenology: attempt to assess personality by examining one’s head Astrology: system that tries to relate personality to the movement of the stars Palmistry: idea that reading a person’s character from the lines on their palms
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What Is Psychology?
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The Study of Psychology
Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes Psychology employs scientific research Psychology values empirical evidence Psychology employs critical thinking
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Where did Psychology Come From?
Ancient Greek philosophers Aristostle - wrote Peri Psyches “About the Psyche” Human behavior subject to rules & laws like nature Seed of consciousness in the heart not the head Democritus-suggested thinking of behavior in terms of mind & body Socrates-advised to “Know thyself” Reliable self-knowledge not attained through the senses but through introspection (i.e., careful observation)
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4 Goals of Psychology 1. Description identifies and classifies behaviors and mental processes using careful observations 2. Explanation proposing reasons for behaviors and mental processes 3. Prediction allows for specification of the conditions under which a behavior will occur or not 4. Control (Influence) uses the results of research to solve practical problems
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Historical Schools of Psychological Thought
Structuralist Functionalist Psychodynamic (a.k.a. Psychoanalytic) Behaviorist Humanist Wilhelm Wundt (standing, with gray beard) and colleagues 1880
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Structuralism (late 19th century)
Wilhelm Wundt “father of psychology” Disgusted w/phrenology set up 1st psychology lab to study consciousness in Leipzig, Germany (1879) observed various stimuli, physical energies that evokes a response people & animals (eg. lights & sound) used introspection, “looking inward” to examine his reaction to stimuli called his approach experimental self- observation, which combined trained introspection with objective measurement
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Structuralism (late 19th century)
Edward B. Titchener-carried Wundt’s ideas to the US (1890s), where it was called… Structuralism-concerned with analyzing sensations and personal experience into basic elements Focus: studying the structure of the mind Problems: structuralists hardly agreed Cannot prove/disprove introspection
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Functionalism (early 20th century)
Functionalism-concerned with how humans and animals use mental processes in adapting to their environment Focus: the function of the mind Charles Darwin-evolutionary theory Contributions: Increased animal use in psychological experiments William James- “First True American Psychologist” theory: “stream of consciousness” Study of children, animals, and mentally impaired Study of educational practices, individual practices and workplace adaptation
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Early Pioneers of Psychology
Structuralists focused on sensations and perceptual experiences “structure of the mind” Functionalists investigated functions of mental processes in adapting to the environment “function of the mind”
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Behaviorism (most influential until 1960s & influential today)
challenged functionalism No need to study mental processes emphasized the study of overt behavior objective and measurable behaviors John B Watson-explained behavior as learned reactions to certain stimuli as a result of conditioning (discovered by Pavlov-1880s) B.F. Skinner-explained that behavior is shaped and maintained by its consequences Contribution: Helped separate psychology from philosophy Respected as a science
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Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic
Sigmund Freud-Austrian doctor believed our behavior is influenced by unconscious thoughts, impulses, and desires (dark view of humans) Contribution: Psychoanalysis-a “talking therapy” where the psychologist explores the thoughts of patients (early1900s) Importance of childhood experiences
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Humanism (late 1930s & influential today)
Humanism- a positive view of humans Stresses free will & inner-self (unlike behaviorism) and private subjective experience Less concerned about the scientific aspect, more concerned with human potential Psychological needs for love, belonging, self-esteem, & spirituality Abraham Maslow developed the concept of self-actualization, reaching one’s full potential
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Other Modern Perspectives
Evolutionary psychology asserts that certain behavioral characteristics are subject to natural selection (late 1800s-today) Sociocultural psychology examines the influence of culture and ethnic practice on people’s behavior (1930s-today; ethics crisis in 1970s) Cognitive psychology focuses on mental function and reasoning (1950s-today) Gestalt psychology emphasized perception; the notion that the whole is more than the sum of the parts Biopsychology views behavior as reflecting brain processes (1800s & major impact today)
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Psychological Perspectives I
Directions: Classify each of the following explanations of depression as representative of (a) behaviorism, (b) psychoanalysis, (c) humanistic psychology, or (d) cognitive psychology AND explain why you chose your answer for that particular scenario Depression is the result of faulty thinking. …. People feel depressed because of the way others respond to them when they express sad feelings…. Depression comes from a lack of confidence in one’s own inner self…. Depression grows out of emotions, conflicts, and unpleasant experiences that are buried in the unconscious mind….
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Areas of Psychology Clinical Psychologists Counseling Psychologists
Educational Psychologists School Psychologists Industrial/ Organizational Psychologists Developmental Psychologists Social psychologists Health Psychologists Consumer Psychologists Forensic Psychologists Sport Psychologists
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Psychology Degrees By Area
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“Psych humor”
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“Psych humor”
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“Psych humor” Humanistic perspective
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Who’s Who of Psychology
Late 19th century Wilhelm Wundt ( ) p. 10 What is he known as? Which school of thought does he belong to? Charles Darwin ( ) What theory is he known for? How does his theory relate to behavior? Which school of thought? William James ( ) p. 11 Known as the “1st True American Psychologist” Author of first modern psychology textbook Principles of Psychology
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Who’s Who of Psychology
Early 20th century Sigmund Freud ( ) p. 10 Which school of thought does he belong to? What therapy technique is he known for? Mary Calkins ( ) p. 21 Attended Harvard University as a “guest student” Completed all her requirements for Ph.D. at Harvard University, but was denied her degree Pioneer in memory research John B. Watson ( ) p. 12 Which school of thought? “Little Albert” experiment Theory: behavior is a set of learned reactions to the environment (classical conditioning)
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Who’s Who of Psychology
Early-Mid 20th century B.F. Skinner ( ) Which school of thought? Theory: behavior is shaped and maintained by its consequences (operant conditioning) Frances Cecil Sumner ( ) Father of Black Psychology (1920) first African American to receive a Ph.D. degree in psychology Abraham Maslow ( ) Theory: self actualization
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Black Psychology Frances Cecil Sumner
Father of Black Psychology 1920-first African American to receive a Ph.D. degree in psychology Studied “race psychology” at Clarke University Chair of Psychology department at Howard University Dr. Kenneth Clark & Mamie Clark p.22 Doll Test
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Cultural Differences in Psychology
Black Folks Don’t….Go to Therapy Based on your own experiences or people you know, do you agree that “black folks” or other ethnic groups rarely seek therapy? Why do you agree or disagree?
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Introduction to Psychology Review
5. Name the following individuals pictured & identify the school of thought and major contributions. Dr. Kenneth & Mamie Clark Mary Calkins Wilson Sigmund Freud William James Abraham Maslow B.F. Skinner Frances Cecil Sumner John B. Watson Wilhelm Wundt Psychology is defined as the study of _____. The 4 goals of psychology is to describe, _____, _____, & _____ behavior. What is the difference between behaviorism & humanism? What is the difference between psychodynamic & humanism?
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Studying Psychology-SQ3R
Survey- skim To get the “big picture” Browse chapter outlines, key words & people Practice with Chapter 1 pg. 1 Question To read with purpose Look over chapter questions in the margins Make up your additional own questions Read To read for understanding Read sections at a time Highlight, then take notes Reflect To make material meaningful Relate concepts to your experience Review To remember Review notes, charts Look for quizzes
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Studying Tips Schedule your study time
Establish a Quiet Place, free of distractions Read material BEFORE you come to class Become Active in the learning process OVERlearn, i.e. study beyond the text and your notes Find out what works for you!
