1. THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Dr. Mah Jabeen Muneera
Associate professor
Department of Anatomy
KEMU

2. Subdivisions CONDUCTING PART Nasal cavities Nasopharynx Larynx Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles

3. RESPIRATORY PART Respiratory bronchioles Alveolar ducts Alveolar sacs
Alveoli

4. FUNCTIONS OF CONDUCTING PART
Conduction
Conditioning
Cleaning
Moistening
Warming
Slowing the current

5. RESPIRATORY EPITHELIUM
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR CILIATED WITH GOBLET CELLS
Cell types:
Columnar ciliated cells
Immotile cillia syndrome
Goblet cells
Brush cells
Microvilli
Receptor
Small granule cells
Diffuse neuro endocrine cells; Kulchitsky’s granules
Basal cells
Metaplasia
dysplasia

6. Nose Provides airway Moistens and warms air Filters air
Resonating chamber for speech
Olfactory receptors

7. Vestibule NASAL CAVITIES
lined by skin (stratified squamous keratinized)
Vibrissae, sebaceous & sweat glands
Transition to respiratory epithelium (stratified Squamous Non Keratinized)

8. Nasal Fossae Nasal septum Chonchae Lamina propria
Superior –olfactory epithelium
Middle – respiratory epithelium
Inferior – respiratory epithelium
Lamina propria
Venous plexus – swell/cavernous bodies
Engorged with blood periodically
Plexus of large blood vessels next to periosteum & perichondrium
Blood flow from rear to front – warms inspired air
Mucous & serous glands (bactericides, lysozyme)
Nasal Blockade in allergic reactions

9. Nasal Cavity

10. Olfactory Mucosa Olfactory epithelium Location Color
(pseudostratified columnar)
Olfactory cells
Bipolar neuron
Olfactory vesicle
Olfactory cillia
Proximal segment
Trailing segment
Immotile
Odorant binding protein
Sustentacular cells
Shape
Microvilli
Nuclei; location
Adhering junctions
Yellow pigment
Glial cells functionally

11. Lamina propria Basal cells Bowman’s/ olfactory gland - serous
Shape
Location
Nuclei
Function
Lamina propria
Bowman’s/ olfactory gland - serous
Capillary plexus
Anosmia
Hyposmia
Regeneration

13. Paranasal sinuses Frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid and maxillary bones
Open into nasal cavity
Lined by same mucosa (shorter, fewer goblet cells, lymphoid tissue) as nasal cavity and perform same functions
Lamina propria; thinner, no swell bodies
Periosteum
Also lighten the skull
Can get infected: sinusitis

14. Pharynx Parts Mucosa Respiratory epithelium
Stratified squamous epithelium
Lamina propria – loose-dense irregular CT
Elastic issue
Vascularized
Seromucous gland, mucous in stratified area
Lymphoid tissue – posterior: pharyngeal tonsil

15. Submucosa : Muscularis: Fibrosa Loose connective tissue
Only in superolateral part
Muscularis:
Skeletal muscle
Fibrosa
Outermost thin layer of fibrous connective tissue

17. Larynx – voice box Additional function: Phonation
Prevent food/drinks – respiratory system
Tube : cartilage (hyaline, elastic) – ligaments – skeletal muscles (intrinsic-extrinsic)
Mucosa
Epihelium
Stratified squamous non keratinized epithelium
Pseudostratified (respiratory epithelium)
Lamina propria:
Connective tissue, lymphatic nodules, seromucous glands
Vestibular fold – false vocal cord (superior)
Vocal fold - true vocal cord (inferior) - stratified squamous
Vocalis muscle
vocal ligament – regular dense elastic CT

20. Epiglottis Leaf shaped Elastic cartilage Mucosa on both sides
Lingual surface, upper laryngeal; stratified squamous epithelium
Lower half respiratory
Lamina propria; seromucous glands, more on laryngeal surface reside in Pock marks
Taste buds