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A Powerful Problem or Opportunity Analysis Technique
Function Definition A Powerful Problem or Opportunity Analysis Technique Gregg Motter
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Identify Conceptual Design
Identify CCRs Voice of Customer House of Quality Identify Conceptual Design Function Analysis Solution Selection Matrix Design Proposal End of Week 6 Build Prototype Proof-of-Concept Bread Board Circuit Discrete Components Wire Wrap Board End of Week 7 Demo #1 Analyze Prototype Perform. Collect data Statistically Analyze Data Design Meet CCRs? Define the Project Charter DFSS Process Flow Optimize Design Surface Mount Chips Optimized Power PC Boards Manufacturability Robustness Package Design Survive Use Environment Heat Management Shock & Vibration Week 12 Document Design Final Report Sponsor Docs. Design Day Test & Validate Design Collect Data Statistically Analyze Data Run Charts
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Learn “Best Practices” to Define Functions
Objectives Learn “Best Practices” to Define Functions Identify Basic and Secondary Functions Develop a FAST Diagram Intro. to Value Engineering Assign Homework FAST: Function Analysis System Technique
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Function Definition Describes a product in terms of an Active Verb and a Measurable Noun Provides a complete understanding of the basic reason(s) something exist Explore new ways to deliver Customer Satisfaction Improved performance Lower cost
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Steps to Function Definition
Define Project Scope (from Charter) Define the Functions Construct the FAST diagram Perform FAST diagram logic checks FAST = Function Analysis System technique Source: Value Management, J. Kaufman
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1.) Project Scope is a Lead Pencil
Product could be anything: Fit-Bit Power Supply Circuit Breaker Remote Village Computer Kiosk IT Operating System Radar Set Remote Distance Sensor Boat Simulator Fridge Ice Maker Ski Speed & Distance Monitor RR Tie Conductivity Sensor Sparty T-Shirt Launcher etc. PENCIL PARTS ERASER BAND BODY PAINT LEAD Source: Value Management, J. Kaufman
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2.) Define Functions for Project
Functions are defined in two word phrases Active Verb: Describes the specific action we plan to carry out to achieve our intended purpose Measurable Noun Defines the object (Noun) onto which the action operates Any Verb and Noun may be combined to describe the Function Acid Test – “Does it describe what something actually does in the system under study?” Refer to Appendix for “proven useful” Verbs and Nouns
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Verbose Descriptions Indicate Lack of Design Understanding
Start Engine Steer Automobile Stop Automobile Remove CD Attract Attention Reduce Size Collect Data Collect Dirt Control Deflection Create Image Educate Students Establish Budget Increase Incentive Maintain Clearance Prevent Contamination Protect Children Tighten Bolt Reward Achievement Save Time Transmit Information Cut Grass Suppress Noise
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Verbs to Avoid Passive and Indirect Verbs Goal-Like Verbs Provide Give
Is Supply Furnish Prepare Review Attend Goal-Like Verbs Improve “ize” words Optimize Least Maximize Prioritize Present Minimize Customize Economize
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Use Active Verbs Rather Than Passive Verbs
To change passive description to active, try using the noun as the verb and then select another noun Passive Active Provide Support Support Weight Seek Approval Approve Procedures Develop Exhibits Exhibit Products Submit Budget Budget Expenses Determine Resolution Resolve Problem Examples Functions are intended to be taken literally . . . as we attempt to BRING CLARITY . . . in describing WHAT a system actually does Source: Stimulating Innovation in Products and Service with Function Analysis and Mapping
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Function Description Of A Lead Pencil
Pencil Components Description Eraser Remove Marks Band Secure Eraser Improve Appearance Body Support Lead Transmit Force Accommodate Grip Paint Protect Wood Display Information Deliver Message Lead Produce Marks What is wrong here? NOTES: How would you approach this task with team? Brainstorm functions on yellow sticky notes. Source: Value Management, J. Kaufman
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3.) Every Design has Basic and Secondary Functions
Basic Function: Principal reason for the product’s existence Has value to the Customer Loss of Basic Function results in total loss of market value for the design May be Performance and / or Esteem based Secondary Function: Assist in, or necessary for, the realization of a Basic Function Targets for modification and/or elimination to: Reduce cost Reduce design complexity Achieve Breakthrough in design NOTES: Kano delighters are typically Secondary Functions which enhance the delivery of the Basic Functions – Example: Cup holders and 110 VAC outlets in automobile Source: Value Management, J. Kaufman
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Basic and Secondary Functions Of A Pencil
Pencil Components Description Function Basic or Secondary Eraser Remove Marks Secondary Band Secure Eraser Improve Appearance Body Support Lead Transmit Force Accommodate Grip Paint Protect Wood Display Information Deliver Message Lead Produce Marks Basic NOTES: How would you approach this task with team? Brainstorm functions on yellow sticky notes. Why someone buys a pencil Source: Value Management, J. Kaufman
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3) Construct the FAST Diagram
Visual layout (Tree Diagram) of product’s Functions Starts with the Basic Function, and builds to the right with supporting or Secondary Functions Why do a FAST Diagram? Understand Functions to be eliminated, or improved, to deliver Basic Function(s) © G. A. Motter, 2006 & 2008
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Construct FAST Diagram Left to Right, and Check it Right to Left
Ask How? Secondary Function Secondary Function Basic Function Secondary Function Secondary Function OR logic AND logic Ask Why? Secondary Function Process of Construction: Identify what you feel is the Basic Function. Ask the question: “How is this Function actually accomplished?” Place Secondary Functions to the right of the Basic Function. Check the FAST diagram by starting at the right and working left. Ask the question: “Why must this Function be performed?” NOTES: Asking “How is this done?” moves to the right to a finer level of detail. Asking “Why is this done?” moves to the left to a higher level of detail. Build the diagram in the “How” direction. Test Logic in the “Why” direction. “How” and “Why” logic must work in both directions. Source: Value Management, J. Kaufman
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Pencil FAST Diagram Ask How? Ask Why? Make Marks Produce Deposit
Medium Apply Pressure Support Lead Protect Wood Secure Eraser Transmit Force Accommodate Grip Remove Absorb Rub Decorate Surface Display Information Keep Records Correct Record Ask How? NOTES: FAST diagram for lead pencil example started in Chapter #3 (Job) Basic Function Ask Why?
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Example: Sliced Ham Process Produce Sliced Ham Add Flavoring
Inject Brine Ensure Flavor Sliced Ham Process Spread Flavoring Retain Brine Adjust Meat Color Add Coloring (to Meat) Remove Air Bubbles Enhance Appearance Produce Sliced Ham Form Meat Tenderize Meat Remove Fat Lower Meat Temp FACILITATOR NOTES: Design Criteria for Paper Punch: Punch 2, 3, or 5 holes on the left side of page -- moveable die punches Punch 2 holes in top of page Punch paper, thin cardboard, and transparencies Remove Casing Space Meat Length Fabricate Slices Determine Meat Weight Fix Meat Thickness Source: Function Analysis, K. Akiyama, pg 207 PARTICIPANT NOTES: NONE
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Four Rules of Function Definition
1) Once defined, Basic Function does not change. . . becomes principle work a system does. Example: flashlight is expected to emit light 2) Cost contribution of a Basic Function is a minimal percentage of total system cost 3) Can not sell supporting Secondary Functions without performing Basic Function satisfactorily 4) Loss of Basic Function(s) results in total loss of market value. Example: Rolex watch that does not display correct time
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4.) FAST Diagram Logic Checks
Double check tree diagram “How?” and “Why?” logic. Identify possible Secondary Functions for elimination? Test by removing Secondary Function, and ask the “How ?” and “Why ?” logic questions. Check “AND” logic and “OR” logic diagramming. Ensure project Scope lines are clearly drawn.
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FAST Model is complete when . . . Customer Needs can be Mapped to Functions
Ask How? Basic Function Secondary Customer Need Customer Need Customer Need Customer Need Customer Need Ask Why? Customer Need Customer Need Customer Need
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Cost Function Matrix is Workhorse of Value Engineering
Operations, Parts, Assembly Total Cost Functions (V – N) Total Functions come from detailed level of FAST Diagram Operations, Parts, and assemblies Block diagram come from: - Block Diagram - Process Map - Logic Diagram - Value Chain
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Cost – Function Matrix Identifies Areas of Opportunity
Steps to Create Matrix: 1.) List major operations, parts, or assemblies in left hand column 2.) List total cost for each group in adjacent column 3.) Place Functions across top from FAST Diagram 4.) Identify Functions contributing to each line of cost (indicate with dot in cell) 5.) Determine portion of cost associated with each function 6.) Sum Functional cost 7.) Calculate Function % 8.) Show Function % on FAST diagram
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Example: International North Atlantic Ice Patrol
Formed in 1913 Result of Titanic sinking April 14, 1912 Iceberg condition data collected by Fixed wing aircraft Buoys Report warnings at 9 pm each day in “plain, concise English” during ice season from February thru July.
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Example: International Ice Patrol
Send Iceberg Warnings Transmit Radio Messages Compile Messages Locate Icebergs Predict Iceberg Movement Purchase Sensors Hire Operators Move Operators Move Sensors Receive Ship Data Collect Data Predict Ice Drift Operate Radio Establish Station Ask How? Example: International Ice Patrol Ask Why? Source: Value - Its Measurement, Design, and Management by M.L. Shillito Fig 7.7
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Example: International Ice Patrol Cost-Function Matrix
Total Cost Purch. Sensor Hire Oper. Move Move Sensor Rec. Ship Data Collect Data Predict Drift Estab. Station Op. Trans. Aircraft Personnel 705 235 Fuel 494 247 Aircraft Maintain. 490 245 Aircraft Op. Support 152 76 Office Staff 224 56 Travel / Lodging 50 Leasing 5 1 4 Buoys 63 Radar Film 13 Misc. Admin. 480 120 $2,681 77 853 803 176 9 % 100 2.9 8.8 32 30 6.5 0.3 Note: Cost in 1983 dollars Source: Value – Its Measurement, Design, and Management by M.L. Shillito, Fig 7.8
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Example: International Ice Patrol
Purchase Sensors 2.9% Ask How? Hire Operators 8.8% Target for cost reduction Locate Icebergs Move Operators 32% Move Sensors Compile Messages $2,056,000 30.0% Receive Ship Data 6.5% Send Iceberg Warnings $2,496,000 Predict Iceberg Movement Collect Data 6.5% $2,681,000 (1983) Predict Ice Drift $440,000 6.5% Establish Station Transmit Radio Messages 0.3% Operate Radio Ask Why? 6.5% $185,000 Source: Value - Its Measurement, Design, and Management by M.L. Shillito Fig 7.7
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A FAST Diagram is NOT a Flowchart
Flowchart is a graphical representation of: Flow of Logic or Control Data through a program, routine, module or process Documents the order in which tasks are performed FAST Diagram is a "functional structure" representation of a technical system early in the design process Functions expressed as: Active Verb + Measurable Noun Follows House of Quality and before Solution Selection Generic representation independent of any specific implementation
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Homework Assignment Objective
Develop a FAST Diagram for your ECE 480 Senior Design Project Instructions Provide an Elevator Speech (few sentences describing your Project objectives) to orient me in grading this assignment Follow Step-By-Step process in slides Refer to examples and list of useful Verbs and Nouns in Slides and Appendix Only diagram a maximum of 3 levels of Secondary Functions beyond Basic Function(s) Deliverables Typed FAST Diagram in Word, Excel, or PowerPoint from each Team Diagram to G. Motter at and to Dr. Albrecht Due Date One week from today
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Questions?
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Appendix: Classic Text Book Examples
Useful Verbs and Nouns FAST Diagram Examples
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Function Verbs A assure compress delay enclose accelerate attract
conduct delegate encourage accept authorize confirm deliver engender achieve award connect demonstrate enhance acquire B conserve design ensure actuate blend consolidate determine equalize add broaden construct develop establish adjust build consult diagnose estimate administer C contain direct evaluate advise calibrate contaminate discharge exchange aid certify continue dispense excludes alert challenge contract disperse exercise align change control display exhaust allocate channel convert disseminate expand allot charge convince dissipate expedite allow circulate cool distribute explore alter clarify coordinate document extend analyze classify correct E F apply clean cost edit fabricate approve close cover educate facilitate arouse collect create effect fail assemble comfort D eject farm assess communicate decorate eliminate fill assign compare decrease employ find assist complete define empty flow
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Function Verbs forecast initiate monitor request form install motivate
resist foster integrate mount prescribe resolve fulfill interpret move prevent restore investigate multiply prime retain G involve N process reuse gage isolate negotiate procure reward gather J nurture produce rotate generate join O project S get L observe promote satisfy group latch obtain protect save guide lease occupy R schedule H limit offer raise scrap highlight load open receive seal hold locate operate recognize secure I M order recommend seek identify maintain organize reconcile select illustrate make P redirect sell implement manage package educe sense Increase mandate partition reflect separate indicate manufacture perform regulate serve indoctrinate market permit release service influence match plan remove set inform moderate position repair settle modify pour replace share
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Function Verbs show transmit signal transport socialize U solicit
understand solve update space use specify utilize speed V spray validate staff vary stimulate verify store visit stow W study welcome summarize worship support T teach terminate test track train transcribe transfer
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Function Nouns A attire competence creativity duplication
acceptability attitudes compliance criteria E access authority component current efficiency accountability awareness concept customer effort accuracy C concern D electrons achievement campaign concurrence damage elements action capabilities condition data emissions activates casting confession dealer emotions adjustment catalog confidence decision empathy administration change conflict deflection energy affection checklist conformance demand enthusiasm agencies children construction design entry agreement circuit contact details environment air claim contamination development equipment alignment classes contents deviancy errors alternatives clearance contingencies deviation event appearance client contractor differences expectations approach climate contracts differential expenditures area comfort contrast dimension experience arrival commitment convenience direction F assembly committees cope dirt facility assets community core distorts failure associates companionship corrosion distribution feasibility assumptions comparison cost downtime feedback attention compartment council drag fellowship
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Function Nouns financing healing L method others flask health labor
mixture owners flexibility heat lagoon model P float heater land moisture pace flow history launch mold package fluid hope law motion participation force I layout motor parts forecast idea level movement passage freedom identification liability passenger friction illumination liaison N path friendship image life need patient fumes impact light noise pattern funds impression line notion payment G impurities liturgy O people gas incentive load objectives performance goals income location obligation personnel God information luster offer piece good injury M opening plan goods interest management operation policies growth interface manpower operator pool guidance inventory market opinion potential guidelines Investment material opportunity power H iron maturation option prerogative habits J measurement order pressure haven justice merchandise organization price
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Function Nouns principles records shaker systems vehicle priorities
relations shock T vendor privacy relationship signal team vibration problem repair skill teamwork views procedure report solace temperature visibility process requests solids tenant volume product requirements sounds terms volunteers production resources sources test W profit respect space thought warranty program responsibility specialists time waste progress restrictions specifications timing water projection results stability torque wear property rigidity staff tour weight proposal risk standards tradition work prospect rotation stewardship traffic workload public rules strangers travel writers Q runout stress treatment quality S structure trust R safely students U rating sales success understanding reach sand suggestions unique recipe satisfaction suppliers user recognition scriptures supply utilities series surface V recommendation service surplus vacuum
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More Useful Verbs in Describing Functions
Add Display Maintain Sense Analyze Distribute Measure Separate Arrange Eliminate Obtain Start Attach Evaluate Position Store Create Expand Prevent Support Collect Extend Protect Test Combine Freeze Recommend Transmit Confirm Harden Record Transport Contain Heat Reduce Use Conduct Implement Remove Verify Control Increase Resist Convert Insulate Retain Cool Invert Reverse Destroy Isolate Rotate Develop Locate Select Source: Stimulating Innovation in Products and Service with Function Analysis and Mapping
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More Useful Nouns in Describing Functions
Air Fluid Noise Time Area Force Opening Torque Assembly Frequency Pressure Vehicle Atmosphere Friction Protection Vibration Cold Gas Resistance Volume Color Heat Voltage Comfort Humidity Rotation Waste Communication Indication Shape Water Component Information Size Wear Current Length Solid Weight Distance Material Sound Enclosure Mixture Space Energy Mobility Stress Environment Moisture Temperature Expansion Motion Texture Source: Stimulating Innovation in Products and Service with Function Analysis and Mapping
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Example: Ask Why ? Ask How ? Locate Sheet Support Sheet Paper Punch
Drive Punch Guide Punch Pierce Sheet Retract Punch Adjust Holes Organize Paper Produce Holes Locate Punch Assembly Drop Holes Task Basic Function Collect Waste Collect Holes NOTES: Design Criteria for Paper Punch: Punch 2, 3, or 5 holes on the left side of page -- moveable die punches Punch 2 holes in top of page Punch paper, thin cardboard, and transparencies Prohibit Rust Attract User Scope Protect Work Surface Ask How ? Decorate Surface Source: Acquiring, Processing, and Deploying the Voice of the Customer, M. Shillito, pg 74
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Mapping of Voice Of Customer to Functions Example: Paper Punch
Locate Sheet Easy to insert Stays in place Pierce Sheet Easy to press Won’t hurt hand Pierce multiple sheets Non-jamming Adjust Hole (location) Easy access to assembly Easy to position Finger tight Collect Waste Holds large quantity of holes Holes won’t fall out Easy to clean Produce Holes NOTES: Text in red font under each Function Definition is the VOC relating to that Function.
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Function Tree - Flashlight
Example: Function Tree - Flashlight Ask Why ? Ask How ? Convert Electricity to Light Open/close circuit Send Current Form Circuit Generate Light Protect Bulb Store Electrical Energy House Parts Hold Bulb Reflect Light Collect Light Illuminate Surroundings Basic Function Fit Grip Hold Body Retain Appearance Adsorb Force Source: Function Analysis, K. Akiyama, pg 55
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Past ECE 480 Project Examples
Appendix Past ECE 480 Project Examples
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Refrigerator Ice Level Detection
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Activate Sensing System Implement and Run Code
Detect Object Send Signal Calculate Voltage Change Display Object Height (inches) Measure Height Locate Brim Of Object Convert Analog Signal to Digital Signal Collect Data Determine Distance Use Algorithm
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ECE480 Active EMI Filter © G. A. Motter, 2006 & 2008
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Setup Bluetooth Receiver Configure BlueSoleil Software
Facilitate Driving Remotely Activate Car Provide Navigation Diagnose Problems Send Bluetooth Signal Analyze OBD-II Data Read OBD-II Data Setup Bluetooth Receiver Configure BlueSoleil Software Receive Bluetooth Signal Install Garmin Software Utilize GPS Sensor Determine Route Show Location Install Digimoto (or CANalyzer) Connect to CAN Bus Install BlueSoleil Software DigiDrive IV Platform Development to compete with GM On-Star and Ford Sync
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Designing and assemble a tug boat simulator.
We will be using a software program which will take in hardware inputs, perform appropriate calculations, and transmit outputs.
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Detecting an audio signal of a siren external to a vehicle and warning
the driver of the proximal emergency vehicle.
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