1. Air Quality LS 4 Test Review

2. Define and give examples of fossil fuels.
A nonrenewable resource formed from the remains of living things over million of years.
Coal, oil, and natural gas

3. What are the primary and secondary pollutants that are produced by coal-burning pollutants?
Soot (particulate matter)
Nitrogen oxides
Sulfur dioxide Hg
Secondary
Sulfur trioxide
Acid rain (sulfuric, nitric, nitrous and carbonic acid)
Ozone

4. How are the amounts of pollutants released into the environment at coal-burning power plants reduced?
Scrubber
Precipitator

5. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using coal to generate electricity?
Inexpensive
Disadvantage
Nonrenewable
Produces pollutants during combustion

6. Although the Adirondacks Mountains have a low population and very little industry they have severe environmental problems associated with air pollution. Explain.
The wind currents carry pollution from the coal burning power plants in the South and Midwest to the Adirondack Mountains. Because this area does not receive a lot of sunlight acid rain is formed harming plants and lakes.

7. Explain how acid rain forms and the types of acids that are formed during this process.
Acid rain forms when the products of burning coal combine with water to form acids.
Sulfuric acid
nitric acid
Nitrous acid
Carbonic acid

8. List at least 3 characteristics of an acid.
Sour
pH less than 7
Corrosive
Breaks apart in water to form hydrogen ions plus negative ions
Has more hydrogen ions than pure water

9. List at least 3 characteristics of a base.
Slippery or slimy feel
pH greater than 7
Has fewer hydrogen ions than pure water
Bitter
Produces hydroxide ions when placed in water.

10. List the types of acid base indicators discussed in the book.
Red cabbage juice
Litmus paper
pH paper
Ph meter

11. What happens when an acid is placed in water?
Hydrogen ions (H+) are produced

12. What happens when a base is placed in water?
Hydroxide ions (OH-) are produced

13. A solution with a pH of 4 is how much more acidic than a solution with a pH of 6? Explain how you got your answer.
A solution with a pH of 4 is 100 times more acidic than a solution with a pH of 6. Each interval on a pH scale indicates a change of 10 times.

14. Define the following  
pH: a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a substance
Ion: an atom that gives away or takes an electron from another atom
Positive ion: an atom that has lost or given away electrons

15. Negative ion: an atom that has gained or taken electrons from another atom.
greenhouse effect: certain gases and other pollutants trapped in the atmosphere that can prevent heat from the sun leaving earth.
Leaching: the removal nutrients from soil by acid rain.

16. What charge would an atom have if it lost 3 electrons? ___+3______
What charge would an atom have if it gained 2 electrons? ____-2_____

17. What are the greenhouse gases?
Methane
Water vapor
Carbon Dioxide
ozone

18. Describe the change in mean global temperatures over the last 200 years.
From 1860 until 1935 the global mean temperature remained fairly stable.
Since 1935 the global mean temperature has increased about 1° C

19. Draw a picture to illustrate how pollutants move up the food chain.
The farther up the food chain the more concentrated the pollutants become.

20. What types of pollutants are concerns in the food chain?
Hg, lead, copper, zinc, cadmium, and chronium

21. Would you expect an organism close to the bottom or near the top of the food chain to have a higher concentration of heavy metal toxins in their body?
Organisms near the top of the food chain have a larger concentration of pollutants.