1. MARION M. HETHERINGTON, MARTIN F. REGAN EFFECTS OF CHEWING GUM ON SHORT- TERM APPETITE REGULATION IN MODERATELY RESTRAINED EATERS By: Eliza Wendel

2. INTRODUCTION Energy dense snacks high in saturated fats + high sugars  weight gain Link between increased snack intake and being overweight or obese Restrained Eater = restricts food intake in order to either lose weight or maintain their weight Cephalic Phase Insulin Release  from the sight, smell, thought, and taste of food The greater the appetite, the greater the release

3. OROSENSORY STIMULATION Satiation ChewingTasteSmell

4. PURPOSE To examine whether chewing gum suppresses hunger, cravings, and food intake in restrained eaters.

5. HYPOTHESIS Prior chewing of sweetened gum will reduce subsequent snack food intake and subjective appetite in moderately restrained eaters.

6. PARTICIPANTS University of Leeds, U.K. Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire Participants: 18-55 years old Not underweight Full set of teeth Not pregnant or breastfeeding Moderate cognitive restraint (> 2.0) Good health with no allergies to gum No interfering meds Snacked and chewed gum regularly

7. METHODS Within-subjects design Experimental Groups: 1.Gum Chewing and Salty Snacks 2.Gum Chewing and Sweet Snacks 3.NO Gum Chewing and Salty Snacks 4.NO Gum Chewing and Sweet Snacks All participants ate breakfast at home Came to laboratory for a fixed lunch

8. FIXED LUNCH

9. METHODS CONT’D. Post Lunch (15 minutes): “How strong is your desire to eat a sweet snack?” “How strong is your desire to eat a salty snack?” Stressed, Relaxed, Anxious, or Content 3 Hours Post Lunch until Snack: 2 occasions chewed gum for at least 15 minutes at hourly intervals 2 occasions did not chew gum Snack (3 hours post-lunch): Same post-lunch questions Gum group  chewed gum upon arrival for 15 minutes No gum group  rested upon arrival Snack: 500 kcal  Questions again asked after snack as well as 1 and 2 hours after snack Could leave and complete food diary to return at the end of the day

10. RESULTS A)Snack Intake ANOVA testing Gum group ate 10% less snack by weight 43.2 +/- 3 grams comp- ared to 48.2 +/- 3 grams Sweet snacks consumed more than salty

11. RESULTS B) Hunger, Fullness, Desire to Eat

12. RESULTS C) Cravings Increased over time for both groups No gum group had stronger cravings for both salty and sweet snacks D) Pleasantness and desire to eat snacks Gum  decreased pleasantness of snacks  reduced desire Salty were rated higher than sweet E) Ratings of Mood Both groups rated mood more positive after eating  increased contentment and relaxation  decreased stress

13. DISCUSSION Stimulated Orosensory Stimulation Gum Decreased desire Decreased hunger Gum  influences appetite and satiation but reasons are still unknown Possibly from orosensory stimulation  similar to consuming actual food

14. Questions?