1. POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY
Chapter 8

2. How Is Space Politically Organized into States and Nations?
Political geography: The study of the political organization of the world
Sovereignty – Having the last say over a territory – legally
Territorial Integrity - The right of a government to keep the borders and territory of a state intact and free from attack

3. State
A politically organized territory with a permanent population, a defined territory, and a government, and recognized as such by other states

4. Nations
Nation: A culturally defined group of people with a shared past and a common future who relate to a territory and have political goals
Constructed by people to make sense of themselves
“Imagined communities”
Imagined = you will never meet all the people in your nation
Community = you see yourself as part of it
Nations perceived as “natural” and “always existing” but really a relatively recent phenomenon

5. Nation-State
A politically organized area in which nation and state occupy the same space
Rare in practice
An ideal for governments as source of political loyalty and unity
Nationalism
Strong sense of loyalty to the state on the part of its people
Government that promotes the nation within the state
Promotion of loyalty to the state in multinational states

6. Europe in 1648

7. Multinational State
A state with more than one nation

8. Stateless Nation
A nation with no state

9. European Colonialism and the Diffusion of the Nation-State Model
Colonialism: A physical action in which one state takes over control of another, taking over the government and ruling the territory as its own
Two Waves of European Colonialism:
1500 – 1825
1825 – 1975

10. Dominant Colonial Influences, 1550–1950
Some places were colonized by more than one power in this time period.

11. How Do States Spatially Organize Their Governments?
Forms of government
Unitary: Highly centralized government where the capital city serves as a focus of power
Federal: A government where the state is organized into territories, which have control over government policies and funds

12. Nigeria’s Federal System
Allows states within Nigeria to determine
whether to have Shari’a laws (legal systems based on traditional Islamic laws)

13. U.S. Federal System
Allows states to determine “moral” laws such as death penalty, access to alcohol, and concealed weapons

14. Devolution
Movement of power from the central government to regional governments within a state
Causes
Ethnocultural forces
Economic forces
Spatial forces

15. Ethnocultural Devolutionary Movements in Eastern Europe

16. Devolution in Europe

17. Electoral Geography
Part of a state’s spatial organization of government
In the United States
Territorial representation
Reapportionment
Voting rights for minority populations

18. Voting Districts
Gerrymandering : Drawing voting districts to benefit one group over another
Majority-minority Districts: Drawn so that the majority of the population in the district is from the minority

19. How Are Boundaries Established, and Why Do Boundary Disputes Occur?
Boundary: A vertical plane that cuts through the rocks below and the airspace above, dividing one state territory from another

20. Boundaries
Boundaries often divide resources, such as oil between Kuwait and Iraq

21. Boundaries Establishing boundaries Define Delimit Demarcate
Administrate
Types of boundaries
Geometric boundaries: Based on grid systems
Physical-political boundaries: Follow an agreed-upon feature in the physical geographic landscape

22. Boundary Disputes Definitional boundary disputes
Locational boundary disputes
Operational boundary disputes
Allocational boundary disputes

23. How Do Geopolitics and Critical Geopolitics Help Us Understand the World?
Geopolitics: The interplay among geography, power, politics, and international relations
Classical geopolitics
German School (Ratzel’s organic state theory)
British /American School (Mackinder’s heartland theory)

24. Ratzel’s Organic State Theory
Based on Darwin’s theories of evolution
Need of a state for territory and overseas connections in order to survive
Described expansion of empires and large states in the 19th century
Eventually contributed to Nazi expansion

25. Mackinder’s Heartland Theory
Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland
Who rules the Heartland commands the World Island
Who rules the World Island commands the world

26. Critical Geopolitics Ideas of intellectuals of statecraft about places
Influence and reinforce their political behaviors and policy choices
Affect how ordinary people process notions of places and politics

27. Us versus Them
Cold War
Evil Empire (Soviet Union)
Shining city on a hill (United States)
Replacement of Soviet Union as “them” by terrorists

28. Geopolitical World Order
Temporary periods of stability in conduct of politics at the global scale
Bi-polar
Multi-polar
Unilateralism

29. What Are Supranational Organizations, and What Is the Future of the State?
Supranational organization: A separate entity composed of three or more states that forge an association and form an administrative structure for mutual benefit in pursuit of shared goals

30. Global Scale: The United Nations

31. Regional Scale: The European Union