1. Unit IV Lesson III, Activity I
Drugs Alter Transmission

2. Review
Look back over your notes from Lesson 2. Review what happens during neurotransmission.
Think of the words action potential, excitatory, inhibitory, reuptake pump, and transporter.
Remember which type of neurotransmitter (excitatory or inhibitory) goes with which neurotransmitter.

4. Create a chart on the board.
The two headlines should be “Change in Neurotransmission” and “Effect on Neurotransmitter Release or Availability.”
As you fill the board with ideas, consider these two questions:
What would happen if certain components in the process increased or decreased in amount?
How would that change affect the response in the responding neuron?
Example: Maybe less neurotransmitter gets released, which would result in fewer firings in the responding postsynaptic neuron.

5. Here’s what that chart may look like filled in
Here’s what that chart may look like filled in. If the chart is significantly different than this one, take notes.

6. Here Come The Drugs

7. LOOK AT HANDOUT. (Master 3.1)
Cocaine blocks the dopamine transporters.
How does this blocking action of cocaine affect dopamine levels?
What is the effect on the responding postsynaptic neuron?

8. Notes
Cocaine blocks the dopamine reuptake pumps (also called dopamine transporters).
Transporters, or reuptake pumps, carry neurotransmitters back into the presynaptic neuron, where they are repackaged into new vesicles.
If the reuptake pumps cannot function, more dopamine will be present in the synaptic space, where it can cause a greater stimulation of the postsynaptic neuron.

9. No, this is not the same video as before.

10. LOOK AT HANDOUT. (Master 3.2)
Methamphetamine can act similarly to cocaine in blocking dopamine transporters. Methamphetamine also acts in another way to alter neurotransmission.
Methamphetamine passes directly through the neuron cell membrane and is carried to the axon terminals.
In the terminals, methamphetamine enters the vesicles that contain dopamine.
This then triggers the vesicles to be released, even without an electrical signal (action potential) to cause vesicle release.
How does this affect the postsynaptic neuron?

11. Methamphetamine acts in two ways to change dopamine neurotransmission
Methamphetamine acts in two ways to change dopamine neurotransmission. Both actions lead to an increase in the amount of dopamine in the synaptic cleft. When more dopamine is present in the synaptic cleft, it is more likely to bind to the dopamine receptors on the postsynaptic neuron.

12. Nicotine
Nicotine binds to receptors on the transmitting neuron and cases the neuron to release more neurotransmitter each time an action potential occurs.
Nicotine binds to nicotine receptors on the presynaptic neuron. The binding of nicotine to its receptor stimulates the generation of action potentials in the neuron that cause dopamine to be released from the neuron.
The released dopamine can then bind to its receptor on the postsynaptic neuron.
Nicotine also changes the amount of dopamine that is released. When the presynaptic neuron fires an action potential, more dopamine is released than normal.
The increased amount of dopamine in the synaptic cleft will bind to dopamine receptors on the postsynaptic neuron.

13. LOOK AT HANDOUT. (Master 3.3)
In the presence of alcohol, GABA activity is enhanced, resulting in greater Cl- influx into the postsynaptic neuron and, consequently, greater inhibition of the neuron. (This should remind you of activity IV in lesson II.)
Remember that GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter.
How does alcohol affect the activity of the neurons?

15. Alcohol
Alcohol affects the brain’s neurons in several ways, most of which are not fully understood. It alters their membranes as well as their ion channels, enzymes and receptors.
GABA’s effect is to reduce neural activity by allowing Cl- ions to enter the postsynaptic neuron. These ions have a negative electrical charge, which helps make the neuron less excitable.
This physiological effect is amplified when alcohol binds to the GABA receptor, probably because it enables the ion channel to stay open longer and thus let more Cl- ions into the cell.
The neuron’s activity would be further diminished, thus explaining the sedative effect of alcohol.
This effect is accentuated because alcohol also reduces glutamate’s excitatory effect on NMDA receptors.

16. Alcohol Cont.
In addition to these GABA-mediated effects, alcohol may bind to other receptors. It also helps increase the release of dopamine, by a process that is still poorly understood but that appears to involve curtailing the activity of the enzyme that breaks down dopamine.
Does the amount of GABA released increase or decrease when alcohol is present in the body? If the activity of the presynaptic neuron is decreased, it releases less neurotransmitter.
How does this affect the release of dopamine from the postsynaptic neuron? Because GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter, smaller quantities of it in the synaptic space create less inhibition of the postsynaptic neuron. Therefore, the activity of the postsynaptic neuron increases and more dopamine is released when alcohol is present.

17. Compare Alcohol and Cocaine
How does the way alcohol alters dopamine neurotransmission differ from the way cocaine changes dopamine neurotransmission?
Unlike cocaine, alcohol does not act directly on the dopamine-producing neuron. Alcohol acts on another neuron that regulates the activity of a dopamine-producing neuron. In other words, alcohol acts indirectly on dopamine neurotransmission, whereas cocaine acts directly on the neuron that produces dopamine.
Are there any similarities in how alcohol and cocaine change neurotransmission?
Both alcohol and cocaine change dopamine neurotransmission and increase the amount of dopamine present in the synaptic cleft. The increased amount of dopamine can inhibit or excite the activity of the postsynaptic neuron depending on the type of dopamine receptor present on the postsynaptic neuron.

18. Lesson III End.