1. Unit 4: The Impact of Industrialization
Ch. 8: Life in the Industrial Age 1800 – Section 3: Daily Life in the Late 1800s

2. Cities Grow and Change The Industrial City required
Factories
Large workforce
Transportation network
Warehouses
Office buildings & stores
Cities tended to specialize in certain industries
Lowell, MA – textiles
Pittsburgh, PA – steel
Chicago, IL – meatpacking
Cities of this time were noisy, busy, crowded, and dirty
Sanitation, pollution, housing, safety issues

3. Migration to the Cities
“Push” factors
Escape hunger, political unrest, religious persecution, the law
“Pull” factors
Opportunity, jobs, land, freedom, family
Cities of this period were diverse places
Many different nationalities, languages, religions, customs, cultures
In 1890, NY City was 42% foreign-born
Life was difficult in tenement slums
with little support and people looking to
exploit your vulnerability

4. The Livable City Reforms eventually improved life
Water & sewer systems (indoor plumbing)
Fire & Police departments
Public Health departments
Electricity -improved life and made streets safer
Skyscrapers -built to house more people in less space
Subways -constructed in larger cities to lessen congestion
Parks- developed to provide city-dwellers some breaks from the crowded streets
Suburbs- allowed people to live in quieter countryside and commute to city for work

5. Education and Information
Public education established to
Develop an educated workforce & informed citizens
By 1870, laws passed to fund education for all children in western Europe and U.S.
Vocational schools established to help working-class kids
Education opportunity lagged behind for lower class & women
Eventually, women’s colleges were formed
Newspapers became impt. part of city life
Expanded coverage to include comics, sports, political cartoons, and weekly fictional serials
Telegraph made foreign news available as well

6. Leisure Time Leisure time increased
and led to new types of entertainment
Professional sports
Resort vacations
Amusement parks
Concert Halls
Theatres
Museums
Libraries

7. Changes in the Arts Romanticism (early 1800s) Reaction to Romanticism
Realism (mid- 1800s)
Reaction to Enlightenment
Emphasizes emotion and feeling
Characteristics
Respect of nature
Value of the individual
Importance of imagination
Artists
Wm. Wordsworth (poet)
Ralph Waldo Emerson (writer)
Beethoven (composer)
Reaction to Romanticism
Emphasizes details of everyday life (often unpleasant)
Characteristics
Focus on lower classes
Seamy/corrupt side of urban life
Social inequalities in life
Artists
Charles Dickens (novelist)
Leo Tolstoy (novelist)
Ashcan School (artists - U.S.)

8. Examples of Art, 1800s
Romanticism
Realism

9. Impressionism Last half of 19th Century
Began in France as “revolt” against accepted standards of painting
Emphasizes use of light, vivid color, and sense of motion
Characteristics
Outdoor settings
Light, weather, & atmosphere (impression rather than realistic look)
Visible brushstrokes
Artists
Renoir, Monet, Sisley (painters)
Claude Debussy (composer)

10. Examples of Impressionism