1. Oxygenation
Chapter 50

2. Respiratory Regulation
Chemical Receptors
“Respiratory Center”

3. Factors Affecting Respiratory Function
Age
Environment
Lifestyle
Health status
Medications
Stress

4. Conditions Affecting Airway
Obstruction
Upper airway obstruction
Lower airway obstruction
Completely obstructed airway - extreme inspiratory effort with no chest movement

5. Breathing Patterns Affecting Movement of Air
Eupnea
Tachypnea
Bradypnea
Apnea
Hypoventilation
Hyperventilation
Kussmaul’s breathing
Cheyne-Stokes respirations

6. Breathing Patterns Affecting Movement of Air (cont’d)
Orthopnea
Dyspnea

7. Conditions Affecting Diffusion
Hypoxemia
Signs and symptoms
Chronic hypoxemia

8. Conditions Affecting Transport
Conditions that decrease cardiac output
Congestive heart failure
Hypovolemia

9. Assessing
Nursing history
Physical examination
Diagnostic studies

10. Nursing Diagnoses Ineffective Airway Clearance
Ineffective Breathing Pattern
Impaired Gas Exchange
Activity Intolerance

11. Planning Maintain a patent airway
Improve comfort and ease of breathing
Maintain or improve pulmonary ventilation and oxygenation
Improve ability to participate in physical activities

12. Implementing: Promoting Oxygenation
Position
Frequent position changes
Deep breathing and coughing
Incentive spirometer
Ambulation
Implement comfort measures

13. Implementing Hydration Medications Bronchodilators Anti-inflammatory
Expectorants
Cough suppressants

14. Implementing
Percussion, vibration, postural drainage (PVD)

15. Implementing: Oxygen Therapy
Check vital signs and oxygen saturation level
Ordered for clients with hypoxemia, anemia, blood loss
Primary care provider specifies concentration, method of delivery, liter flow per minute; may call for titration to achieve therapeutic level

16. Evaluation How do we know our interventions are helping?
Collect data to evaluate effectiveness of interventions

17. Practice
Mrs. Jones scenario