1. WARM UP 3/2/16 Define these terms: Homozygous dominant Heterozygous
Homozygous recessive

2. WARM UP ANSWER
Homozygous dominant carries two copies of the same dominant allele
Homozygous recessive carries two copies of the same recessive allele.
Heterozygous means that an organism has two different alleles of a gene.

3. Friendly Feud
Ch.16 Review

4. Q#1
What did Watson and Crick contribute to science?

5. A#1
They came up with the structure and model of DNA

6. Q#2
What is an allele?

7. A#2
A form of a gene that determines heredity characteristics

8. Q#3
A group of individuals of the same species that interbreed is called________.

9. A#3
Population

10. Q
Name this graph

11. Stabilizing selection

12. Q#4
Members of a population that interbreed share a common _____________.

13. A#4
Gene pool

14. Q#5
Explain relative frequency

15. A#5
The # of times a particular allele occurs in a gene pool, compared with the number of times other alleles for the same gene occur.

16. Q#6
The relative frequency of an allele has to do/has nothing to do with whether the allele is dominant or recessive

17. A#6
Has nothing to do with

18. Q#7
___________ is any change in the relative frequency of alleles in a population

19. A#7
Evolution

20. Name two main sources of genetic variation
Q#8
Name two main sources of genetic variation

21. A#8
Gene shuffling & mutations

22. Q#9
Why do mutations occur?

23. A#9
Mistakes in DNA replication
Radiation
Chemicals

24. Q#10
True or False? Mutations can produce no change in a phenotype.

25. A#10
True; the mutation in the gene may code for the same phenotype.

26. Q#11
Compare gene shuffling to a deck of cards

27. A#11
Shuffling leads to many different hands but does not change the # of kings, queens, aces, etc. in the deck.
Creates variety (phenotype) without changing allele frequencies

28. Q#12
___________gene leads to only two distinct phenotypes.

29. A#12
Single trait gene

30. Q#13
What does the Hardy Weinberg principle state?

31. A#13
Allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain CONSTANT from generation to generation, in absence of evolutionary change.

32. Q#14
Name the 5 conditions of the Hardy Weinberg Principle

33. A#14 Large population 2.) Random mating
3.) No movement in or out of population (no immigration or emigration)
4.) No mutations
5.) No natural selection

34. Q#15 Name this type of selection on polygenic traits:
Individuals at one end of the curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end.

35. A#15
Directional

36. Q#16
Name this distribution of polygenic traits with the presence of natural selection

37. A#16
Directional selection

38. Why is the Hardy Weinberg equation useful to scientists?

39. Can be applied to observations for study of population futures.
Shows how prevalent alleles are in a population.

40. In the p+q=1 equation, what does “p” represent?

41. A#18
Dominant allele frequency

42. Q#19
What is genotype?

43. A#19 Genetic makeup of an individual
Expressed as 2 letters; ex: AA, Aa, aa

44. Q#20 The frequency of the BB genotype is .50
What is the frequency of the B allele?

45. A#20
To find the frequency of the B allele (p) we need to take the square root of p2 and .50 from the equation p2=.50
The result is then p=.707=freq. of B allele!

46. Q#21
Describe stabilizing selection

47. A#21
Individuals near the center of the curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end of the curve

48. Q#22
What is a species?

49. A#22
Group of organisms that breed with one another and produce fertile offspring

50. Q#23
Organisms of the same species share a ____________

51. A#23
Gene pool

52. Q#24
Explain reproductive isolation

53. A#24
When members of two populations cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring

54. Q#25
What happens as a result of reproductive isolation?

55. A#25
Populations now have separate gene pools

56. Q#26
Describe behavioral isolation

57. A#26
Populations are capable of interbreeding but have differences in courtship rituals or other reproductive strategies that involve behavior
Ex: Mating calls of birds

58. Q#27 Name the isolating mechanism:
Abert squirrel lives in the southwest. About 10,000 years ago the Colorado River split the species into two separate populations.
Two separate gene pools formed..

59. A#27
Geographical isolation

60. Q#28
True or False?
Any potential geographic barrier may separate certain types of organisms but not others.

61. A#28
True

62. Q#29
If the allele frequency for “r” is .75, what is the allele frequency of “R”?

63. A#29
p+q=1
p+.75=1
p=.25=R

64. Q#30
Describe the graph:

65. A#30
Individuals at the upper and lower ends of the curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle
Selection creates two distinct phenotypes

66. Q#31
The frequency of two alleles in a gene pool is 0.19 (A) and 0.81(a).
Calculate the percentage of heterozygous individuals in the population

67. A#31
The number of heterozygous individuals (Aa) is equal to 2pq which equals 2 × 0.19 × 0.81 = 0.31 or 31%

68. Q#32
Baby mass is an example of which type of natural selection distribution?

69. A#32
Stabilizing selection

70. Q#33 Name the type of reproductive isolation:
Two species of fireflies come out between the hours of 9-11 p.m. Each species has a unique pattern of flashes that attracts a mate

71. A#33
Behavioral isolation

72. Q#34 Given: 40 recessive brown alleles 60 dominant black alleles
Calculate the relative frequency of the recessive mouse fur allele

73. A#34
40%

74. Q#35
______________isolation of a species occurs as a result of physical changes in its natural environment

75. A#35
Geographic

76. Q#36
In this type of selection on polygenic traits, natural selection acts against the intermediate trait

77. A#36
Disruptive selection

78. Q#37
In terms of Hardy Weinberg variables, what is this question asking you to find:
What is the frequency of heterozygous aliens?

79. A#37
2pq

80. Q#38
Give an example of a polygenic trait

81. A#38
Eye color
Height
Skin color

82. Q#39
Which of the following is NOT a condition of the Hardy Weinberg principle:
Random mating
No natural selection
Small population
No movement in or out of population
No mutation

83. A#39
Small population

84. Q#40
In terms of Hardy Weinberg variable, what is the following question asking for?
Calculate the percentage of homozygous recessives in the population.

85. A#40 q2