1. 19th Century Latin America

2. Revolutions!!! ...Why? Why at the beginning of the 19th century?
Why one right after another?
Why were they successful?

3. New Ideas

4. Key Enlightenment Ideas
Rejection of Divine Right of Kings
John Locke: natural rights life, liberty and property
Jean-Jacque Rousseau: Social Contract  governed agree to be governed

5. The Big Three
Revolutions in the US, France and Haiti had a profound impact on Latin American thought
US supports the revolutions… Why? Ideas?

6. SOCIAL HIERARCHY P C M & M I & A Peninsulares: Creoles:
Native Spaniards
Creoles:
People of pure
European blood
But born in the
New World P C
M & M
I & A
Mulattos:
African +
European blood
Mestizos:
Indian +
European
blood
Indians and Africans

7. Nations Preoccupied French onslaught… Napoleonic Wars
Spain and Portugal defeated and the rulers run away
Napoleon is seen as a model for rising Latin American leaders and he has provided a wonderful distraction while they start revolution.

8. The Leader: Simon Bolivar
The George Washington of South America
Goals: Liberate South America and form a federation of states
Liberated territories of modern day Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, & Bolivia

9. The Leaders
Jose de San Martin: Creole who favored revolution, but was not a fan of democracy… Gives command to Bolivar
Miguel Hidalgo: Creole priest who leads a disorganized bunch towards Mexico City… captured and shot

10. One right after another

11. Effects

12. Caudillos
Wealthy elites were terrified of democracy—mob rule—so they bought up newly available land (left behind by the Peninsulares) and took control
Established authoritarian governments: in essence they gained power by making promises, took over control and then began limiting human rights… jerks
Social hierarchy? Peninsulares gone, now creoles on top…everyone else stayed in their positions

13. Monroe Doctrine (1823) European powers KEEP OUT!
US wanted to minimize threats
Trade partnerships (though unbalanced)
British support the Monroe Doctrine because they love this free market stuff remember? (at least by the early-mid 1800s)

14. Relationships Latin America continues down the path of a “colony”
monocultures, supplying raw materials, purchasing manufactured goods
With the exception of Argentina, Latin America continued as an undeveloped region

15. Unbalanced
As the imbalance of trade grew, Latin American countries took out large loans from the U.S., Britain, and Germany to build infrastructure
When the countries could not pay back their loans, foreign lenders gained control of major industries in Latin America
A new form of colonization?

16. US’s role in Latin America
Police the Americas
Help to free Cuba (Spanish-American War)
US expansion south (ie Texas)
Panama Canal
Protect investments = military in foreign lands (eg Cuba, Haiti, Mexico, Honduras, Nicaragua)