1. The second kind of phrases

2. Idioms
Idioms:
It is very important, to add the originality of the language to the text so, the reader cant feel that the text is translated.
These idioms are so common in English ,though it is so different from American and British language.

3. Types of idiom Direct idioms: It can be understand from its word.
e.g. the last cry أخر صيحة
Crystal clear واضح جداً
Flat denial انكار تام

4. Indirect idioms:
It could not be understand from the literal common meanings of the words.
e.g. rain cats and dogs تمطر بغزاره
Rack his brains يعتصر مخه
In the doldrums مكتئب
On edge متوتر, عصبي

5. Phrasal verbs:
It is a combination of a verb + adverb preposition or both, and it has especial idiomatic meaning that cant be understand from the individual meaning of its words.
e.g. argue back تعارض
Beating about تلف وتدور
Bring around تقنع
Find out يكتشف
Some adverb and position don’t have fixed general meanings when combining with any verb.

6. Proverbs:
Proverbs are special fixed, unchanged phrases which have special, fixed, unchanged meanings.
Proverbs are metaphors that stand for something else ,also they are culture-specific. Therefore, thy should not be translated or understood directly.

7. To understand the proverbs it discussed in detail through three groups.
A: Absolute equivalent:
e.g. like father like son الولد طالع لأبيه
As you sow, so will you reap كما تزرع تحصد
B: SIMILAR EQUIVALANCE:
e.g. forbidden fruit is sweet كل ممنوع مرغوب
literally: الثمره الممنوعة حلوه
Blood is thicker than water الظفر ما يطلع من اللحم
literally الدم اسمك كم الماء
A friend in need is a friend indeed الصديق وقت الضيق
literally الصديق وقت الحاجه هو الصديق الحقيقي
C: Different equivalence:
e.g. enough is as good as a feast القناعه كنز لا يفنى
literally مثل الوليمة مثل الاكتفاء
All roads lead to Rome كل الطرق تؤدي الي مكة
literally كل الطرق تؤدي الى روما
To add insult to injury يزيد الطين بله
literally يضيف اهانه الى اصابه

8. Other kind of phrases المختصرات
English and British people used to use abbreviations.
There are fourth types of abbreviation:
Initial letters abbreviation:
It is the first letters of some expression or compound names and its pronounced by letters
e.g. USA الولايات المتحدة الامريكية
United states of America
a.m. قبل الظهر
Ante meridiem
p.m. بعد الظهر
Post meridiem

9. Acronyms:
It is like the abbreviation but the initial letter pronounced as anew noun.
GATT : general agreement on tariffs and trade
الجات : الاتفاقيه العاميه للتعريفة الجمركية والتجارة .
AIDS: acquired immune deficiency syndrome
الايدز: مرض نقص الماعه المكتسبه.
Shortening:
It is a shortened long nouns.
e.g. Ad: advertisement
Exam: examination
Tech: technology
Blended words
It is joining two word in one word.
e.g. brunch: breakfast + lunch
Smog: smoke + fog

10. Eponyms: ( the fourth kind of phrases)
It is nouns derived from the name of the some people.
e.g. caesarean section العمليه القيصريه
نسبة الى قيصر الذي يقال انه ولد بها
Chauvinism الشوفينيه
بمعنى الوطنيه المتطرفة نبه الى نيكولاس شوفان
And some of it should translate it’s meaning, because it is difficult.
e.g. pyrrhic victory انتصار مكلف جدا
نسبه الى الملك بيروس الذي كان يحاول الانتصار دائما
Great generosity كرم حاتمي
نسبه الى حاتم الطائي

11. Metaphors.
e.g. Alexander the great ذو القرنين = الاسكندر الاكبر
Hippocrates ابو الطب = ابقراط
Aristotle المعلم الاول = ارسطو
الصفات الملازمه:
It is adjectives used with some nouns , and we cant find it with others.
خسائر فادحه , سيل جارف ,نسيم عليل