1. Navigation
Galliformes
5 families
290 species
Helmeted Guineafowl

2. Megapodiidae, 21 species -- Australasia
Brush Turkey. Incubates eggs in huge mounds of rotting vegetation.
Megapodiidae, 21 species -- Australasia

3. Malleefowl, South Australia
Endangered
Malleefowl, South Australia

4. Malleefowl mound

5. Malleefowl eggs in situ.

6. Malleefowl egg. Chicken sized birds lays 180 g egg, chicken eggs ca
Malleefowl egg. Chicken sized birds lays 180 g egg, chicken eggs ca. 50 g.

7. Cracidae, Curassows, Guans, Chachalacas, 50 species

8. So. Texas south.
Plain Chachalaca

9. Phasianidae
Pheasants, partridges, grouse, turkeys, Old World Quail, and guineafowl
177 species (64%)

10. Ring-necked Pheasant, an introduced game bird species.

12. Greater Prairie Chicken

13. Currently there less than 100 Attwater’s Prairie Chickens left in the wild. They inhabit two separate grassy patches in Texas totaling 12,400 acres (5,018 hectares), the remnants of six million acres (2,428,114 hectares) of coastal prairie that supported as many as a million Attwater’s a century ago. The grouse were over hunted early and hit by habitat loss every year since.

14. Willow Ptarmigan in Alaska molting into white winter plumage in early September.

15. Numididae
African species.
Vulturine Guineafowl

16. Odontophoridae – New World Quail, 30 species

17. Navigation

19. 3 Ways to Navigate

20. Pilotage visual reference to landmarks

23. Distance-and-bearing
AKA dead reckoning

24. Distance-and-Bearing
Gwinner’s European Warblers

25. Bicoordinate navigation

26. Bicoordinate Navigation
1. Where you are
2. Where you want to be
3. Direction from 1 to 2
Need a map and a compass

27. Displacement studies Early proof Wales to Boston
42 manx shearwaters taken from Wales to Boston, 3200 miles away, and released. 38 returned to burrow within 12 days traveling at an average of 266 miles/day!
Wales to Boston

28. White-crowned Sparrow
Baton Rouge 26 of 411 returned
Laurel, MD 15 of 660 returned

29. Female traveled 6379 km in 8.15 days

31. Navigation ability improves with age in Starlings

32. Perdeck’s Starlings (Box 13-2 Gill)
Displaced from Holland to Switzerland
Adults exhibited bicoordinate nav
Immatures only general direction
Wintering grounds in southern England, Belgium & northern France
Immatures Adults

34. Map and compass

35. Sun Compass
Gustav Kramer 1950

37. Sun compass
Requires a clock

38. Displacement Studies

39. Birds possess a time-compensated Sun compass

40. Star compass
Franz & Eleanore Sauer 1955
Garden Warbler

44. Star Compass
Emlen’s Indigo Buntings

46. Time-compensated star compass?

47. Birds orientates to a specific star
Hypothesis 1
Birds orientates to a specific star

48. Hypothesis 2
Birds orientate with reference to a fixed geometric pattern independent of time of night

50. Magnetic compass

51. Time their return to home loft How do they find their way
Time their return to home loft How do they find their way? Can a blind pigeon home?

53. Magnetic Compass

54. Herring Gull chicks

56. Other compasses?

57. Cardiac Conditioning

58. Cardiac Conditioning shows birds can detect
Polarized & ultraviolet Light
Atmospheric pressure changes as small as 10 mm water = 10 m Δ altitude
Infrasound 0.06 Hz (man 20-20K Hz)

60. Ornithologists have found birds can set their compass to the sun, moon, or stars. They are also guided by the Earth's magnetic field. Some even home in on their destination using a finely tuned sense of smell. Such skills are thought to be innate—part of their genetic makeup.
Increasingly, there is evidence that these navigational aids are replaced in older birds by more complex systems. These depend on seasoned migrants being able to learn from experience.
New research, published this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, suggests birds do this by improving their long-term memory to map migration routes.
The study was carried out by Claudia Mettke-Hofmann and Eberhard Gwinner at the Max Planck Research Centre for Ornithology in Andechs, Germany.
They found that migratory garden warblers (Sylvia borin) are able to memorize and remember a particular feeding site for at least a year. Its close relative, the Sardinian warbler (Sylvia melanocephala momus), which is nonmigratory, wasn't able to retain this information for more than two weeks.