1. HYPOTHESES Null hypothesis (H1) Alternative hypothesis (H0)
Direction of hypothesis: states the kind of difference or relationship between two conditions or two groups of participants
One-tailed (directional): ‘people who study in silent surroundings achieve better than those who study in noisy surroundings’
Two-tailed (no direction): ‘there is a difference between people who study in silent surroundings and those who study in noisy surroundings’

2. OPERATIONALISING HYPOTHESES
Hypothesis: ‘people who study in quiet surroundings achieve better than those who study in noisy surroundings’
What do ‘work better’, ‘quiet’ and ‘noisy’ mean? Define the operations:
‘work better’ = obtain a higher score on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
‘quiet’ = silence
‘noisy’ = CD music playing
Operationalised hypothesis: ‘people who study in silence achieve a higher score on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale than those who study with CD music playing’

3. DIRECTIONAL AND NON-DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESES
Directional (one-tailed):
People who do homework without the TV on produce
better results than those who do homework with the TV on.
Non-directional (two-tailed):
There is a difference between work produced in noisy or silent conditions.

4. INDEPENDENT AND
DEPENDENT VARIABLES