1. 4.1 Energy & Mineral Resources

2. Earth’s Resources
Mineral resources are used to produce most of the thing we use (cars, phones, basketballs, etc.)
Energy resources power our lives (warming our homes, fueling the family car, lighting up the streets, etc.)
Two categories of resources – Renewable and Nonrenewable

3. Renewable vs. Nonrenewable
Can be replenished over a short period of time
Ex:
Plants and animals for food
Fibers for clothing
Trees for lumber or paper
Wind
Solar
Water
Takes millions of years to form and accumulate
Ex:
Fossil Fuels:
Coal
Oil
Natural gas
Petroleum
Uranium (nuclear power)
Minerals like gold, copper, galena, etc.

4. Formation of Fossil Fuels
85% of electricity in U.S. comes from fossil fuels
A fossil fuel is a carbon-containing fuel that formed over millions of years from the remains of living things
Coal: plant material transformed from heat and pressure
Petroleum and Natural Gas: remains of organisms buried in ancient seas
Tar Sands: mixture of clay, sand, and petroleum
Oil Shale: rock that contains remains of microscopic organisms

5. Mineral Resources
Mineral resources are deposits of useful minerals that be removed from the ground
Ore is a useful metallic mineral that can be mined at a profit
The amount of minerals in the
Earth’s crust is small
Common ore minerals are
pyrite, magnetite, hematite,
galena, graphite, and sulfur

6. The Formation of Mineral Deposits:
Crystallizing from MAGMA
Molten material is a liquid mixture of freely moving crystals.
As molten material rises towards Earth’s surface it cools and crystalline solids form.
Ex: muscovite, quartz, and magnetite

7. The Formation of Minerals (cont.):
2. Crystallization of elements dissolved in water
Elements in water are freely moving in liquid
When water evaporates, solid crystals are left behind
Can be above or below Earth’s
surface
Ex: galena, gypsum, calcite

8. This salt bed of halite formed when an ancient salt lake evaporated and left the crystals behind.
The white “stripes” in the mountain are minerals left behind from magma flowing through the Earth’s crust

10. Mining & Drilling for Resources

11. The method used to reach mineral deposits depends on how deep it is from the surface:

12. Surface Mining – When mineral deposits are located at or near the Earth’s surface
Types: open pits, surface coal mines, and quarries
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13. PA Quarries

14. World Diamond Mines

15. Ekita Diamond Mine in Canada

16. Fort Knox Gold Mine

17. Subsurface Mining – when minerals are deep in Earth
Subsurface Mining – when minerals are deep in Earth. Different types of passageways can be dug to reach the ore:
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18. Drift Mines

19. Continuous Mining Machines

20. Hydraulic Fracturing or “Fracking”
Very controversial with pros and cons
New technology with limited studies

21. Harmful Effects of Mining and Drilling
Water Pollution
Structural damage from erosion
Habitat Destruction and loss of species
Accidents and health hazards for workers
Earthquakes
Solutions?
We can mine less if we follow 3 R’s
Local and State governments and agencies monitor mining companies and fine them for harmful practices
Mine Reclamation – required by law since the 1970’s

22. Harmful Effects of Mining
Water Pollution

23. Harmful Effects of Mining
Structural damage from erosion

24. Harmful Effects of Mining
Habitat Destruction and loss of species

25. Earthquakes

26. Solutions? We can mine less if we follow 3 R’s
Local and State governments and agencies monitor mining companies and fine them for harmful practices

27. Mine Reclamation – required by law since the 1970’s

28. Mine Reclamation (Golf Course)
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29. Mine Reclamation (Air Field)

30. Reclamation Problems $650,000 for Mine Reclamation Work in Clinton County

31. From PA Department of Environmental Protection:
“Pennsylvania has approximately 180,000 acres of abandoned mine sites in need of remediation, and our aggressive program is reclaiming these sites to eliminate harmful acid mine drainage, protect our waterways and return the land to its original condition,” DEP Deputy Secretary for Active and Abandoned Mine Operations John Stefanko said