1. OVERVIEW OF THE HUMAN BODY
Unit 6

2. Organization of the Body
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ Systems
Organism

3. Six general functions:
35-1 The Human Body Plan
Six general functions:

4. Human Body Plan Six Functions
I. Supporting the body
A. Endoskeleton (206 bones)
B. Jointed appendages
1. Joint-where one bone meets another
2. Joints are cushioned by cartilage
3. Ligaments-holds bone together
4. Fluid where bones meet lubricates movement

5. Human Body Plan Six Functions
II. Coordinating and Directing Activities
A. Central Nervous System
1. brain
2. spinal cord
B. Peripheral Nervous System
1. nerves that carry messages to the brain

6. Human Body Plan Six Functions
III. Transporting Oxygen and Nutrients
A. Circulatory system
1. carries oxygen and nutrients to cells
2. removes carbon dioxide
~ Closed system
~ Blood is enclosed in the blood vessels
1. Different circulation rates are possible
2. Blood pumped under pressure by heart

7. Human Body Plan Six functions
IV. Protecting Vital Organs
~ Heart, Lungs, Digestive Organs
A. Humans have a large body cavity
B. Large organs in fluid that supports their weight and protects

8. Human Body Plan Six Functions
V. Obtaining Nutrients From Food
A. Flow of food is in one direction
B. Food travels from mouth to anus

9. Human Body Plan Six Functions
VI. Homeostasis - maintaining a constant body temperature
A. Humans are endothermic -they maintain constant body temperature
1. Calories help maintain temperature
2. High temperatures inactivate enzymes
B. Advantages of endothermy
1. Ability to maintain activity at all times
2. Allows sustained strenuous activity

10. 35-2 How the Body is Organized
Four types of tissue based on function

12. Four Types of Tissue I. Epitheleal Tissue A. Protective Tissue
B. Epithelium covers body surfaces and protects tissue from dehydration and physical damage
C. Epithelial tissue controls what enters and leaves the cells of the body

13. Four Types of Tissue D. Epithelium usually only a few cells thick
1. Cells are flat and thin
2. Constant regeneration

14. Four Types of Tissue- I. Epitheleal
E. Three types of epitheleal tissue
1. Simple epithelium
a. One cell thick
b. Found in respiratory tract, lungs, and major body cavities

15. 2. Stratified epithelium
a. Several layers thick
b. Produces keratin; a strong fibrous protein
c. Mostly skin

16. 3. Glandular tissue
a. Produces sweat, milk, saliva, digestive enzymes, hormones, etc.

17. Four Types of Tissue- II.Connective
II. Connective Tissue
A. Supports and defends body
B. Three functional categories
1. Cells of the immune system
a. Defend body from infection and cancer
b. Most found in blood stream
c. Macrophages-mobile cells that engulf and digest bacteria and other microbes
d. Lymphocytes-make antibodies or attack virus-infected cells and cancer cells

18. Four Types of Tissue II. Connective
2. Cells of the skeletal system are composed of three kinds of tissue
a. Fibroblasts-most common
1) Flat, irregularly shaped
2) Secrete collagen into spaces between cells
3) Produce scar tissue

19. b. Cartilage-firm but flexible
1) Formed by fibroblasts at positions of mechanical stress
2) Also covers end of bones at joints
3) Examples: nose, ears, and ribs

20. 1) Endoskeleton made of bone 2) Collagen coated with calcium phosphate
c. Bone
1) Endoskeleton made of bone
2) Collagen coated with calcium phosphate

21. Four Types of Tissue II. Connective
3. Transport cells
a. Erythrocytes-red blood cells
1) Carry oxygen from lungs to cells
2) Carry carbon dioxide from cells to lungs
3) Contain hemoglobin-an oxygen-binding protein
b. Fat-storing cells of adipose tissue (adipose=fat)

22. Four Types of Tissue III. Nerve Tissue
III. Nerve Tissue-composed of two kinds of cells
A. Neurons (nerve cells) transmit nerve impulses (may be over a meter long)
1. Central body contains nucleus
2. Dendrite-cytoplasmic extensions that receive impulse
3. Axon-cytoplasmic extension that carries impulse away from cell body
B. Glial cells (supporting cells)-insulate the neuron and provide nutrients

23. Nucleus
Dendrite
Cell Body
Glial Cells
Be warned of pictures on next slide
Axon

24. Four Types of Tissue IV. Muscle Tissue
IV. Muscle Tissue-permits movement
A. Two protein filaments enable muscle to contract (shorten)
1. Actin
2. Myosin

25. Four Types of Tissue IV. Muscle Tissue
B. Three kinds of muscle cells
1. Smooth muscle
a. In blood vessels contract when stimulated
b. In the digestive tract they contract spontaneously

26. 2. Skeletal muscle a. Moves endoskeleton
b. Tendons-attach muscle to bone
c. Ligaments-attach bones to bones

27. 3. Cardiac muscle a. Muscle of the heart
b. Cells contract all at once due to electrical connection

28. 4 1 2 3 5

29. Quiz Find a blank space somewhere Number 1-10 No cheating
Don’t look back through your notes
Don’t have to write the question.
Ready?

30. 1. Which function is performed by the circulatory system
2. Which function is performed by the digestive system

31. 3. Which function is performed by the skeletal system
4. Which function is what allows humans to maintain a constant body temperature?

32. 5. Which type of tissue moves your hand to your shoulder?
6. Which type of tissue creates a scar?

33. 7. Which type of tissue contracts involuntarily?
8. What is one cell of nerve tissue called?

34. 9. What is the proper term for red blood cells?
10. What type of tissue is your ear?

35. ANSWERS!

36. 1. Which function is performed by the circulatory system ?
Transport Oxygen and Nutrients

37. 2. Which function is performed by the digestive system?
Obtain Nutrients from food

38. 3. Which function is performed by the skeletal system
Support the Body & Protect Vital Organs

39. Homeostasis (Endothermy)
4. Which function is what allows humans to maintain a constant body temperature?
Homeostasis (Endothermy)

40. 5. Which type of tissue moves your hand to your shoulder?
Skeletal Muscle

41. 6. Which type of tissue creates a scar?
Connective (fibroblasts)

42. 7. Which type of tissue contracts involuntarily?
Smooth and Cardiac Muscle

43. 8. What is one cell of nerve tissue called?
Neuron

44. 9. What is the proper term for red blood cells?
Erythrocytes

45. 10. What type of tissue is your ear?
Cartilage (Connective)

46. How did you do?