1. overview and development perspectives OF renewable energy sources
5th International Symposium on Fusion of Science and Technology (ISFT 2016)
January , 2016 At New Delhi (India).
overview and development perspectives OF renewable energy sources
Dr. Vinod Kumar Sharma
Senior Scientist
ENEA Research Centre Trisaia
75025 Rotondella – Italy
Research Centre Trisaia, Italy

2. Mr. Chairman, dear participants, ladies and gentlemen:
At the outset let me most heartily congratulate the organisers for organising this important scientific event in a very critical area of Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems.
Rapid industrialisation, economic growth, human civilisation and its progress, communications, health, shelter and other basic needs of the society are very much restrained by inadequate availability of energy.
Needless to say that development and, in particular, the sustainable development using clean energy, is certainly an important scientific topic that needs special attention by the scientific community World-wide and, more so, in the context of the developing countries.
Today with billions of tonnes of carbon emissions into the atmosphere, global temperature rise, threats of climatic changes and the great obstacles to further development of conventional energy sources, it is very important that due attention be given to a range of environmental-friendly energy technologies which are too relevant to us, in the developing countries.

3. WHAT IS ENEA?
ENEA is the name for the Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development.
The Agency’s activities are targeted to R&D activities in the field of Energy (conventional and non-conventional) New Technologies and Sustainable Economic Development.
MISSION:
To provide support Italian energy policy through the promotion and innovation of sustainable technologies.

4. Facts and Figures
ENEA, with its head office in Rome and 9 research centers and 5 research laboratories, located over the national territory, has nearly 2800 employee.
It is additionally supported by 12 local offices and Liason office, in Brussels.

5. ENEA’s Technologies

6. Ministry of Environment; Ministry of University & Research and
Mode of work....
For the most part, the work is carried out in the framework of programmes aimed at strategic goals. To implement various research projects (involving the European union and other international organizations such as United nations and the The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) as well as non-governmental organization on technology and applications of mutual interest), ENEA works with the:
Ministry of Industry;
Ministry of Environment;
Ministry of University & Research and
Ministry of Agriculture and Cultural Resources  
ENEA also provide scientific and technological consulting and support to national and local governmental bodies in the solution of complex, urgent and serious problems, preparation of regulations, participation in international initiatives and projects.

7. ENEA Research Center Trisaia
ENEA Research Centre Trisaia, located at “Trisaia Inferiore", Rotondella (MT), was founded in 1962 as a centre of reprocessing of the exhausted elements resulting  from the nuclear combustion. Today, Trisaia centre, with nearly 150 employees, 60 buildings, 20 well equipped modern laboratories, more than 20 experimental plants, etc. represents, one of the few Italian centers equipped to do R&D on engineering and pre-industrial scale, on a huge variety of activities such as.
In brief, the activities span from R&D, demonstration and deployment of new technologies, to energy and environmental policy analysis, international co-operation, technical assistance to DCs in R&D projects, Education and training, etc.
Renewable resources, biomass and solar energy
Agrobiotechnology
Laser applications
Metrology
Radioprotection
Environmental monitoring
Develop technologies for treatment and processes of solid
waste and wastewater

8. ENERGY

10. Source:Prof. Carlo Rubbia

12. NEW ENERGIES: WHICH ONES ?
Renewable energy should be looked as the most important instrument for the socio-economic development, eradication of poverty and unemployment and an instrument of rural development. World is certainly moving in this direction and let us commit ourselves, as well, to the development of pollution-free renewable energy technologies.
Only two natural resources have the capability of a long term energetic survival of mankind:
Solar Energy
Nuclear Energy
So far solar energy is concerned, it is worth to note that The World’s primary energy consumption is only 1/10000 of the one available on the surface of Earth in sunny countries.
Solar energy may be either used directly as heat photovoltaic power or indirectly through hydro, wind, biomass and so on.
If adequately exploited, solar energy may provide enough energy for future mankind.

13. TRADITIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF RENEWABLES
INDIRECT
DIRECT
SOLAR THERMAL
SOLAR PV
WIND
HYDRO
BIOMASS
OTHERS
LOW TEMP.
(< 100 °C)
MED. TEMP.
(100 °C – 300 °C)
HIGH TEMP.
(> 300 °C)
THERMO
CHEMICAL
BIO
CHEMICAL

14. Solar thermal energy is a technology for harnessing solar energy for thermal energy (heat). Solar thermal collectors are defined as low-, medium-, or high-temperature collectors.
Low temperature collectors are flat plates generally used for domestic water heating and swimming pools.
Medium-temperature collectors are also usually flat plates but are used for creating hot water for residential and commercial use.
High temperature collectors concentrate sunlight using mirrors or lenses and are generally used for electric power production.
Solar Thermal Energy is different from photovoltaic, which convert solar energy directly into electricity.
According to Dr David Mills, while only 600 megawatts of solar thermal power is up and running worldwide, in October 2009, another 400 megawatts, is under construction and, there are 14,000 megawatts of the more serious concentrating solar thermal (CST) projects, being developed.

15. Today, low-temperature (<100oC) thermal solar technologies are reliable and mature for the market.
World-wide, they help to meet heating needs with the installation of several million square metres of solar collectors per year.
These technologies can play a very important role in advanced energy saving projects, especially in new buildings and structures.

16. Solar systems families: Factory Made
Solar systems can be divided into 2 main categories:
Factory Made System and
Custom Built system
Factory Made solar heating systems are batch products with one trade name, sold as complete and ready to install kits, with fixed configurations. Systems of this category are considered as a single product and assessed as a whole.
Pre-assembled by the manufacturer
Natural circulation (thermosyphon)
Single family
Total area typically 4  m²

17. Solar systems families: “Custom Built” Systems
Custom Built solar heating systems are either uniquely built, or assembled by choosing from an assortment of components. Systems of this category are regarded as a set of components. Custom Built solar heating systems are subdivided into two categories:
Large Custom Built systems are uniquely designed for a specific situation. In general HVAC engineers, manufacturers or other experts design them.
Small Custom Built systems offered by a company are described in a so-called assortment file, in which all components and possible system configurations, marketed by the company, are specified. Each possible combination of a system configuration with components from the assortment is considered as one Custom Built system.
Assembled with properly chosen components
Forced circulation (pumped)
Collective users
Total area usually > 10 m²

18. SOLAR THERMAL
(EU COMPETITIVENESS)
The industrialised countries should act as examples for the economically developing “sun-belt” countries, where active solar systems could play a much more important role. These countries are more important destinations for the technology than ‘well developed’ energy economies. This could have a major impact on the realisation of the world-wide active solar potential.
The current market for active solar systems appears to be particularly suited to SMEs. With further development of market, larger companies may become interested in technology.

19. SOLAR THERMAL – FUTURE R&D The future R&D needs can be divided into two groups - FUTURE R&D NEEDS FOR TECHNOLOGY PUSH - FUTURE R&D NEEDS FOR MARKET PULL

20. FUTURE R&D NEEDS FOR TECHNOLOGY PUSH
Following R & D needs for technology push are necessary in all areas TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC OPTIMISATION OF SYSTEMS - COST REDUCTION (ESPECIALLY FOR SPACE HEATING SYSTEMS) DEVELOPMENT OF DESIGN ASSISTANCE SERVICES BESIDE THE ABOVE-MENTIONED GENERAL R&D NEEDS, IT IS NECESSARY TO DEVELOP NEW TECHNOLOGIES FOR COOLING SYSTEMS.

21. FUTURE R&D NEEDS FOR MARKET PULL
AREA
MEASURES
LARGE SCALE SYSTEMS
promotion in the tourist and multiple-family house sector, together with promotion of use in combination with biomass district heating scheme
Demonstration
(including installations implementing the Guarantee of Solar Results scheme)

22. FUTURE R&D NEEDS FOR MARKET PULL
AREA
MEASURES
SPACE HEATING/ COOLING
INDUSTRIAL USES
Demonstration

23. The “Quality assurance”
Solar thermal is becoming big business: The solar thermal business is one of the fastest growing businesses in Europe. This correspond to an annual turn-over - collectors only - of about 300 millions of Euro. Including the other components and the installation of the solar thermal system, the annual turn-over reaches above 1 billion of Euro. Ensuring a high quality solar thermal products is important for the industry. Solar Keymark is the first internationally recognised quality mark for solar thermal products. Standard test methods exist to check durability, safety and performance. These procedures are specified in European Standards (EN).
Developing the market of solar thermal products has a very high political priority. National and regional subsidies are given most of the places all over Europe, but only if the products are certified - and the common European level of certification is already the requirements in the new European standards.
Although the Keymark is voluntary mark - and that goes for the Solar Keymark too - there is a very high motivation from the industry to have this certificate because of the possibility of obtaining subsidy. Solar Keymark states conformity with these European standards and is valid almost all over Europe.

24. “Quality assurance” in solar thermal
Ensuring a high quality solar thermal products is important for the industry. Standard test methods exist to check durability, safety and performance. These procedures are specified in European Standards (EN).
The “Quality assurance” corresponds
SOLAR COLLECTORS
Standard EN 12975
Factory Made
SOLAR SYSTEMS
Standard EN 12976
Custom Built
SOLAR SYSTEMS
Standard ENV 12977

25. Test sequence for solar collectors
Standard EN 12975:
Internal pressure
High-temperature resistance
Exposure test (dry stagnation)
External and Internal thermal shock
Rain penetration
Internal pressure (retest)
Mechanical load
Thermal performance (efficiency test in steady-state and transient condition, time constant, thermal capacity, Incident Angle Modifier, pressure drop)
Impact resistance (optional)

26. EUROPEAN STANDARDS FOR SOLAR THERMAL PRODUCTS
EN : Thermal solar systems and components -Solar collectors- Part 1: General Requirements (Revised version available on March 2014).
EN : Thermal solar systems and components -Solar collectors- Part 2: Test methods. Recently, EN ISO 9806, i.e., fusion of EN with the international standard ISO , has taken place. This international standard, to be available very soon, will cancel and replace the first/ second/... edition of ISO :1994, ISO :1995, ISO :1995 and European Standard EN :2006.
EN :2006. Document title Thermal solar systems and components - Factory made systems - Part 1: General requirements.
EN :2006. Document title Thermal solar systems and components - Factory made systems - Part 2: Test methods.
EN : Thermal solar systems and components - Custom built systems - Part 1: General requirements for solar water heaters and combisystems
EN : Thermal solar systems and components - Custom built systems - Part 2:
Test methods for solar water heaters and combisystems
EN : Thermal solar systems and components - Custom built systems - Part 3: Performance test methods for solar water heater stores
EN : Thermal solar systems and components - Custom built systems - Part 4: Performance test methods for solar combistores
EN : Thermal solar systems and components - Custom built systems - Part 5: Performance test methods for control equipment

27. Solar Collector and Overall System Test Laboratory
ENEA Research Centre Trisaia
External area of Laboratory
The Laboratory performs:
efficiency tests both on glazed and unglazed solar collectors according to European (EN 12975) and international (ISO and 3) standards;
qualification tests (Internal pressure, Internal and External thermal shock, etc.) according the same standards.
Collector Test Facilities
Factory Made System Test Facilities
Furthermore, the laboratory is able to assess the daily and annual performance of solar domestic hot water systems according to EN and ISO 9459/2 standards.

28. Test foreseen as per norms for the systems
Standard EN 12976:
outdoor characterization based on daily performance and energy performance prediction on yearly basis.
Sensors • • • •
Solarimetro
Solarimeter
Solarimetro
Solarimetro ; ; ; ; • • • •
Sens
Sens
Sens
Sens . . . . T T T T
amb
amb
amb
amb • • • •
Anemometro
Anemometer
Anemometro
Anemometro
Data acquisition
system
Sistema di
Sistema di
Sistema di
System under test
acquisizione
acquisizione
acquisizione T f T T
Collector f f
Storage
Tank
Serbatoio
Storage tank for
hot water
Serbatoio
Discharge di
acqua
draw
draw - -
off
off
Pump for
mixing T i T T
accumulo i i
calda
Mixing valve P P P
Storage
tank for
cold water
Serbatoio
Pre-conditioning draw-off
acqua
fredda

29. System Test Facilities
The plant allows the simultaneous performance characterization of two SDHW systems arranged in parallel.
The equipment consists of a control system that adjusts water temperatures and flow rates at the inlet of solar systems.
The adjustments are accomplished through digital PID, provided by self-tuning and controlled through a PLC.
A fully automatic data acquisition system controls the different sections of the plant and collects thermo-hydraulic and meteorological data.

30. SOLAR COLLECTOR TESTING AT MEDIUM TEMPERATURE UP TO 250 – 300 °C
It is true that a few years back researcher from Franhuafer ISE (Germany), INETI (Portugal), AEE INTEC (Austria) and Spain, started working on testing solar collector in the temperature range of °C but the fact remains that even as on today it is difficult to find a test circuit able to perform tests on a solar collector operating with suitable heat transfer fluids (other than water, etc.), operating at medium temeperature up to °C and that too on a solar thermal collector of significantly large surface area.
To provide test facilities to perform test on a solar thermal collector of larger area, operating at medium temperature up to 300 °C and using heat transfer fluid other than water, a test circuit, setup at Trisaia is already operating.

31. Test FacilitIES FOR medium temperature
solar collectors
External area
Control room
Test facility allows to performs test on concentrating solar collector according to European norm (EN12975):
The plant operates from ambient temperature up to 300°C and use diathermic oil as fluid vector
The flow rate can be controlled in a wide range varying from 100 to 3800 kg/h thus allowing to test collectors of large dimensions.
Test plant

32. Long - Term Potential – Beyond Domestic Hot Water
In 2050, the solar thermal contribution to the European Union’s (EU- 27)
low temperature heat demand ranges from 47% (RDP scenario) to 8%
(BAU scenario). The corresponding annual solar yields are 1552 TWh
(RDP) and TWh (BAU). The collector area needed to reach these
goals is between 8m2 (RDP) and 2m2 (BAU) per inhabitant in the EU-27.
The resulting total collector area is between 3.88 billion m2 (RDP) and
970 million m2 (BAU).
If solar thermal is to contribute significantly to the long-term heating
and cooling demand in EU-27 countries then the primary focus in central
and northern Europe must be on systems for space heating (solar Combi-
combisystems) and in the Mediterranean area on systems providing space
heating, hot water and air conditioning (solar combisystems).
It is worth to note that another most important segment with considerable
potential is the low- temperature process Heat for industry, (up to 250°C).

33. SOLAR THERMAL FOR ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION
PART - II
SOLAR THERMAL FOR ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION

37. Both these applications are of priority strategic interest, in terms of their impact on the national energy and environmental sectors, as well as in terms of technological innovation aimed at increasing the competitive edge of the Italian companies.

40. Direct Molten Salt’s CSP system (i.e. Archimede plant)40
CEA_ENEA Meeting, Rome 19° of July, 2011ENEA Dicembre M Vignolini 40

41. Archimede project is the integration of solar plant with gas combined plant
ENEL 760 MWe
5 MWe
ENEA Dicembre M Vignolini

42. New ENEA’s Technology for small & medium modular CSP

43. world's first solar power plant
The Archimedes project combining the best technology of today with that of tomorrow consists of a solar field, a storage system and a steam generator, first of its kind in the world was inaugurated in Italy on July 15, In the modular solar field the solar energy is collected in 360 linear parabolic collectors. The movable collectors are arranged in parallel rows each forming a single string.
ENEA introduced a new fluid heat carrier (molten salt eutectic mixture, 60% NaNO3 - 40% KNO3) in order to increase the operating temperature and the possibility of storing heat.
Another innovation of ENEA is the design of a new type of concentrator based on thinner mirrors that saves construction and installation costs.
The use of large scale heat storage (another innovation in the Archimedes project) enable the plant to provides heat to the steam generator at a constant rate 24 hours a day, regardless of variations in solar energy availability.
The steam generator consists of ‘tube and shell’ heat exchangers in which heat is transferred to water to produce super-heated steam for use in a conventional thermoelectric plant.

44. 5 megawatt capacity solar plant costing nearly 60 million of Euro, has a unique characteristic to collect and conserve thermal energy of the sun for many hours thus enabling the plant to generate electricity both during off sunshine hours and the overcast sky.
It is true that cost for kWh produced is nearly five or six times more compared to cost of energy generated using conventional fuels but with tons of oil saved and tons of carbon dioxide emission reduced in a year, the present achievement is certainly an important milestone.

45. Research and Development Topics of interest
in the future
Research and Development of Energy storage for solar energy application at medium temperature.
Research and Development of hybrid system using solar and biomass
Develop a toolbox including the basic components for the construction of small/medium size CS multi-generative power plants to be integrated in the buildings. The goal should be to combine and optimize innovative subsystems for the efficient capture of solar energy to generate electricity, produce heat and cold, drive thermal processes such as desalination or sterilization, alone or in combination with backups (e.g. gas or biomass).
To deploy technologies through technology optimization, integration and validation, case studies analysis and impact assessment, through small scale demonstrative units of poligenerative Concentrating Solar (CS) technologies.

46. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES ON BIOMASS

47. Steam gasification in fluidised bed reactor
Biomass gasification has been selected by ENEA as a high priority technology. Consequent to such choice, several projects in co-operation with both national and international institutions have either already been completed or are in progress.
ENEA’s Activities on
BIOMASS
Biofuels
Electric energy
Steam Explosion
liquid fuel (ethanol)
Gassification
Biomass conversion in liquid fuel (ethanol) by steam explosion pre-treatment, enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation.
Biomass Gasification to obtain gaseous fuel by various plant or process configurations:
Fixed bed reactor
Steam gasification in fluidised
bed reactor
Gasification with oxygen to
obtain Hydrogen rich gas
Catalytic reforming of pyrolysis
oil to obtain Hydrogen rich gas.
Fractionation of steam treated biomass in cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin to obtain product of industrial interest.

48. Intervention sectors and innovative aspects ON BIOMASS
The activities on biomass, cover the following areas:
Biomass gasification using various types of reactors and gasifying agents, with experimental testing of pilot plants based on downdraft or updraft fixed beds gasifiers, fluidized-bed gasifiers, and entrained flow gasifiers, up to 1 MW thermal power;
Experimentation of innovative supply chain for production of ethanol using forest waste biomass, woody biomass and herbaceous biomass crops;
Pre-treatment of biomass by means of saturated water vapour at moderate temperature (about 200 °C) to separate its main components (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin) as first stage for optimal valorisation energetic or chemical products for food and materials industry;
Development of processes for 2nd generation biofuel, i.e. production of ethanol to be used in transport, based on pre-treatment with high efficiency and environmental compatibility, enzymatic hydrolysis, fermentation, separation of alcohol;
Studies and analysis of technical feasibility for the synthesis of liquid hydrocarbons similar to diesel fuel through catalytic conversion of syngas obtained in different available plant configurations.
Providing consultancy services, technical and economic studies, feasibility studies for SMEs, Corporations, etc. ..
Collaboration and support to outside bodies.
Moreover, collaborations with both national and international scientific institutions as well as agreements with several industries, including the Centro Ricerche Fiat, Citroen Automobiles, Renault-Nissan, Ansaldo CLC, Austrian Energy & Environment, Mueller Italy, is in progress.

49. Contd…
The research and technological development related to the production of energy and biofuels from energy crops such like algae and other photosynthetic organisms, are conducted at the Technological Laboratory of microalgae at ENEA Research Centre Casaccia and activities include the study, design, implementation and experimental investigation of system and pilot plants.
The purpose is to generate facilities available for the cultivation of energy crops on massive large-scale, with particular attention to energetic valorisation of all possible products and by-products.

50. Assessment of biomass availability
The activities focus on updating the databases concerning geographical distribution of biomass available on the territory as well as upgrading the information systems used.

51. GASIFICATION ACTIVITIES AT TRISAIA
A number of experimental plants based upon different technologies (fixed bed, BFB, FICFB gasifiers) and of different sizes (10kWth, 100kWth, 500kWth, 1MWth), are available at Trisaia. Fixed bed gasifier plants, of power capacity and 80 kWe, have been developed, most appropriate for their use, especially, in the developing countries as well as for their wide spread diffusion at the national level.
The gasifiers of the type, as mentioned above, have different hydrodynamics (especially the way in which the solid fuel and the gasification agent are contacted), gasification agents (air, oxygen and/or steam) and operating conditions such as temperature and pressure. Waste from olive plants, oak, agricultural wastes (almond shells, apricot pits), etc. are types of materials used.
The use of biomass gasification for syngas production to biofuels conversion has also been considered. More recent activities are aimed at the development of gasifiers dedicated to the production of syngas (to be used in an internal combustion engine), synthetic biofuels (sun-diesel, methanol) as well as hydrogen.

52. The plants have been investigated experimentally to test the most promising field of application (production of fuel gas for power generation) following different possible ways such as via internal combustion engine, gas turbines and high temperature fuel cell (MCFC). For neutralization of acid gases contained in the syngas such as sulfuric and hydrochloric acid, causing corrosion in the pipelines and instrumentations, various technologies are available or under investigation. The tars cracking both thermal and catalytic, is focused as possible technology for its reuse reducing the amount of waste disposal.

53. DEVELOPMENT OF PROCESSES TO OBTAIN SYNGAS:
ENEA Research Centre Trisaia
%Vol. H2 32 CO 17
CH4
6.2 N2
0.9
CO2
20.9
H2O
Biomassa
Ossigeno
Vapore
Syngas pulito
FLUIDIZED BED
Enriched air/steam of 1MWth
Suitable for production of Electric energy with MCI
COMPOSITION OF SYNGAS
RICIRCULATED FLUIDIZED BED
Air/steam 500kWth
Suitable for generation of Electric Energy with MCI, FC and for production of biofuels using F/Tropsh
Biomassa
Vapore
Aria
Syngas pulito
Fumi di Combustione
%Vol. H2
34.1 CO
25.1
CH4
10.4 N2
9.6
CO2
20.8
COMPOSITION OF SYNGAS
Biomassa
Syngas grezzo
Aria
Vapore
UPDRAFT FIXED BED
Air/vapor 150kWth
Suitable for production of Electric energy with MCI
COMPOSITION OF SYNGAS
%Vol. H2 20 CO 21
CH4 4 N2 40
CO2 6
H2O 9
Gas grezzo
Aria
Zona di combustione
DOWNDRAFT BED
Air/vapor kWth
Suitable for production of Electric energy with MCI
COMPOSITION OF SYNGAS
COMPOSIZIONE SYNGAS
%Vol. H2 15 CO 22
CH4 3 N2 40
CO2 20

54. Some of the most relevant projects in which the group has been/is involved are listed:
China (Biomass gasification for electricity production in Yingkou (China): Agreement MAE/DGCS-ENEA
Joule (Clean energy from biomass) contract Number: ENK5-CT
Hydrosyn (Production of a fuel gas for gas turbine; Contract Number: 989, financed by MIUR)
Production of H2 and Biofuels; Contract Number: 13569, financed by MIUR)

55. Activities on Biofuels at Trisaia
Atlas on Biomass Availability in Italy
R&D&D activities for the production of:
Bioethanol from lignocellulosic materials
Biodiesel from waste vegetable oil (WVO)
Biofuels from syngas (BTL)
Hydrogen
Biofuels implementation in to sustainable mobility
Life Cycle Analysis on biofuels production

56. For bio-ethanol production ENEA has focussed its research on
PRODUCTION OF BIO ETHANOL FROM LIGNIN-CELLULOSE MATERIAL
For bio-ethanol production ENEA has focussed its research on
the use of lignocellulosic biomass that could be specifically
cultivated or easily recovered from agricultural,
forest or agro-industrial wastes.

57. production of ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass
The technology for bio-ethanol production from sugar and starch crops (sugar cane, sugar beet, maize, etc.) is mature enough to permit to achieve liquid fuel competitive, both for price and performances, to gasoline and diesel. With perspective of its diffusion on large scale use, not to penalise the alimentation product market, it will be necessary to find alternative raw materials.
It is in the above context that ENEA has focussed its research on the use of lignocellulosic biomass that could be specifically cultivated or easily recovered from agricultural, forests or agro-industrial wastes.
These materials, in contrast to the sugar syrups obtainable from reed or beet, must be attached with acids or enzymes to achieve simple sugar to start fermentation. It is because of this reason that the production of ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass, time being, is bit costly when compared with sugar and starch. In spite of quality and availability of the raw material, it is necessary to improve the technologies for pre-treatment, enzymatic hydrolysis and separation of alcohol from the broth, apart from the valorisation of the current processes that of lignin and hemicellulose.

58. Steam explosion for biomass treatment
In view of international fervent activities and increasing economic affair, ENEA has chosen to focus its attention predominantly on pre-treatment stages of biomass and developing technical-scientific collaborations with leading European institutions in the sector.
Steam explosion with low environmental impact and producing highly biodegradable substrate, has been selected as the appropriate technology for the biomass pre-treatment. The process is based upon on the natural ability of the water vapour at high temperature and pressure to penetrate and breaking of chemical bonding of the polymeric, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, in the vegetal materials. The final result is to make available the sugars contained in the feed material that otherwise could not be metabolised easily by the micro-organisms used in the successive stages of bio-conversion.
Two experimental pilot plants both in batch and continuous version, have been realised at Trisaia, to study Steam Explosion. The plant operating in continuous mode, called STELE, is capable to treat nearly 300 Kg/h of a wide variety of different types of biomass (wheat straw, wood chips, sorghum, kenaf, miscanthus, etc.).
It is equipped with a system for the treatment of the stream of product exposed. Extraction with water, caustic solutions and filters are made on semi-industrial scale to separate cellulose and hemicellulose, and lignin.

59. BIO-ETHANOL PRODUCTION FROM LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS VIA STEAM EXPLOSION
Exploded biomass
Steam
Volatile
Explosion valve
Biomass
Feeder
Rotating screw 8
BIOREACTOR
Hydrolysis & Fermentation
Ethanol
STEAM EXPLOSION REACTOR
DISTILLATION
COLUMN

60. ETHANOL FROM STARCH (SUGAR) AND CELLULOSE
THE EFFICIENCY OF ETHANOL PRODUCTION FROM BIOMASS CAN BE BOOSTED BY USING LIGNOCELLULOSIC PARTS BESIDE STARCH AND SUGAR
 210 kg Ethanol
Lignocellulosic mass 530 kg
Leaves, stalk,..
Cellulose kg  112 kg ethanol
Other sugars 190 kg  097 kg ethanol (R&D)
Lignin et al kg
1000 kg
Grain 470 kg
290 kg starch  150 kg Ethanol
From 1 ha  4300 liters of ethanol (1650 from grain from lignocellulose)
ETHANOL FROM STARCH (SUGAR) AND CELLULOSE

61. Concerning hydrogen production, a few processes namely, reforming of pyrolytic bi-oil obtained from "fast pyrolysis", reforming of bio ethanol, photosynthesis micro-organisms and, finally, technologies of separation applied on product gas from biomass gasification plants, are under investigation
As regards non-energetic products, optimised exploration processes, together with energetic applications, certainly reduces the cost of bio fuel production.
Few examples are:
· production of new resins obtainable from lignin;
· production of alimentary products: xylitol, vanillin, alimentary fillers.
· production of cellulose and its derivative (chemistry of nylon, acetate of
cellulose, fibres of carbon, etc. using environmentally friendly and less
polluting technologies.
innovative production of paper pulp with high yield.

64. Project HY-Tractor
Project HY-Tractor (Fuel cell agricultural Tractor powered by hydrogen) - New technologies for the made in Italy.
Project duration: 1 October September 30, (Contract Still to be signed)
Activities foreseen by ENEA 1. Development of operating parameters for the plant to be used for generation of
hydrogen using biomass.
2. Investigation of specific use along with technical and economic analysis for the plant
to be used for generation of hydrogen using biomass .
3. Data base of lignocellulosic biomass and waste livestock

66. CONCLUSIONS
Modern solar thermal technologies are reliable, efficient and absolutely safe, and can be successfully applied to a broad range of heat demand.. Domestic water heating is currently by far the largest application for solar thermal in Europe. These systems are normally designed to cover 100% of the hot water demand in summertime and 50-80% of the total annual hot water demand.
Solar thermal industry has a high interest in delivering high quality products, to further enhance the positive image of our technology.
The Solar Keymark is the quality label for Solar Thermal products in Europe. It certifies compliance with the relevant EN standards for solar thermal products: EN (solar collectors) and EN (factory made system).
It has been established in 2003 and is since then getting more and more recognition. New exciting areas of applications are being developed in particular solar assisted cooling. System design, costs and solar yield are being constantly improved.

67. Concerning biomass gasification, It is worth to note that market potential for the realization of distributed systems, especially for medium sized plant of KWe, is very strong. Moreover, in order to ensure a high number of operating hours (> 7500), especially for plants of medium sizes it is evident from both the research activities and industrial initiatives that it is necessary to use complex systems able to separate and optimize various phases  of the process (combustion gasification, pyrolysis).
Modern gasification technologies are reliable, efficient and absolutely safe, and can successfully be applied to meet a broad range of both thermal and electric power demand. it is of utmost necessity to make use of all the synergistic knowledge available on multistage gasification for the realization of a harmonious  prototype ensuring reliability and competitive costs.
Keeping in view the large scope for R&D collaboration, possibilities for the exchange of technical know-how together with significant financial contribution available from different financing institution such like World Bank/GEF and Kfw of Germany, it is highly recommended that appropriate initiatives must be taken at the Ministerial level to establish scientific contacts, seek investment by foreign investors and promote business in this particular sector.

68. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Author would like to express his sincere thanks to Prof. Naveen Kumar, Organizing Secretary of the congress, for so much of his generous support and valuable time, to arrange funds for my participation at this important scientific event. My sincere heartiest thanks….
Also, author would like to put on record his appreciation and thanks to all the researchers worldwide (whose valuable work has been cited in this document) as well as my colleagues from Trisaia for their valuable comments and suggestions on early drafts of this publication.
Last but not the least, I think that I’ll be totally failed in my duties, if I will not thank all the staff members both academic and non-academic as well as hard working students involved in the organizing of this very important congress.

69. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT TOPICS OF INTEREST
IN THE FUTURE
Research and Development of Energy storage for solar energy application at medium temperature.
Research and Development of hybrid system using solar and biomass
Develop a toolbox including the basic components for the construction of small/medium size multi-generative power plants to be integrated in the buildings. The goal should be to combine and optimize innovative subsystems for the efficient use of biomass to generate both thermal and electric power.
To deploy technologies through technology optimization, integration and validation, case studies analysis and impact assessment, for realization of a harmonious prototype ensuring reliability and competitive costs.

70. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Author would like to express his sincere thanks to Prof. Naveen Kumar, Organizing Secretary of the congress, for so much of his generous support and valuable time, to arrange funds for my participation at this important scientific event. My sincere heartiest thanks….
Also, author would like to put on record his appreciation and thanks to all the researchers worldwide (whose valuable work has been cited in this document) as well as my colleagues from Trisaia for their valuable comments and suggestions on early drafts of this publication.
Last but not the least, I think that I’ll be totally failed in my duties, if I will not thank all the staff members both academic and non-academic as well as hard working students involved in the organizing of this very important congress.

71. Thanks for your Kind attention!