1. Chapter 8 ARP(Address Resolution Protocol)

2. 8.1 Address Mapping Logical address Physical address
The hosts and routers are recognized at the network level by their logical address
Logical address is unique universal
IP addresses are logical address in TCP/IP and 32 bits long
Physical address
Local address
Should be unique locally, but not necessarily universally
Implemented in hardware
Imprinted on the NIC installed in the host or router

3. Address Mapping Static mapping
Create a table that associates a logical address with a physical address
This table is stored in each machine on the network
The machine that know the IP address of another machine but not its physical address can look it up in table
When physical addresses are changed, a static mapping table must be updated periodically.
This overhead could affect network performance

4. Address Mapping Dynamic mapping
The machine could know the logical address or physical address of another machine using following protocols
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)
Mapping a logical address to a physical address
RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol)
Mapping a physical address to a logical address
Since RARP is replaced with another protocol, we discuss only ARP protocol

5. 8.2 ARP Protocol
A host or a router has an IP datagram to send to another host or router, it has the logical (IP) address of the receiver
IP datagram must be encapsulated in a frame to be able to pass through the physical network
This means that the sender needs the physical address of the receiver
ARP accepts a logical address from the IP protocol, maps the address to the corresponding physical address and pass it to the data link layer.

6. Position of ARP in TCP/IP Protocol Suite

7. ARP Operation
TCP/IP Protocol Suite

8. ARP Packet

9. ARP Packet
Hardware type : define the type of the network (Ethernet : 1)
Protocol type : define the protocol (IPv4 : )
Hardware length : define the length of the physical address in bytes
Protocol length : define the length of logical address in byte
Operation : define the type of packet
ARP request (1), ARP reply (2)
Sender hardware address : define the physical address of the sender
Sender protocol address : define the logical address of the sender
Target hardware address : define the physical address of the target
Target protocol address : define the logical address of the target

10. Encapsulation of ARP Packet

11. ARP Operation Encapsulation operation of ARP process
The sender knows the IP address of target
IP asks ARP to create an ARP request message
The message is passed to the link layer where it is encapsulated in an frame using the physical address of the sender as the source address and the physical broadcast address as the destination address
Every host or router receives the frame and passes it to ARP
The target machine replies with an ARP reply message that contains tis physical address
The sender receives the reply message and knows the physical address of the target machine
The IP datagram, which carries data for the target machine, is now encapsulated in a frame and is unicast to the destination

12. Four Different Cases
The sender is a host and wants to send a packet to another host on the same network
The sender is a host and wants to send a packet to another host on another network
The sender is a router that has received a datagram designed for a host on another network
The sender is a router that has received a datagram designed for a host in the same network

13. Four Cases Using ARP

14. Example 8.1
A host with IP address and physical address B2:34:55:10:22:10 has a packet to send to another host with IP address and physical address A4:6E:F4:59:83:AB (which is unknown to the first host). The two hosts are on the same Ethernet network. Show the ARP request and reply packets encapsulated in Ethernet frames. Solution Figure 8.6 shows the ARP request and reply packet. Note that the ARP data field in this case is 28 bytes, and that the individual addresses do not fit in the 4-byte boundaries for these addresses. Also note that the IP addresses are shown in hexadecimal.

15. Figure 8.6

16. Proxy ARP
Used to create a subnetting effect

17. 8.4 ARP Package ARP package involves five components Cache table Queue
Output module
Input module
Cache-control module

18. ARP Components

19. ARP Package Cache table
Inefficient to use the ARP protocol for each datagram destined for the same host or router
When a host or router receives the corresponding physical address for an IP datagram, the address can be saved in the cache table
This address can be used for the datagram destined for the same receiver within the next few miniute
As space in the cache table is very limited, mappings in the cache are not retained for an unlimited time

20. ARP Package Entry of cache table
State : state of entry, FREE, PENDING, RESOLVED
Hardware type : same as the field in ARP packet
Hardware length : same as the field in ARP packet
Protocol length : same as the field in ARP packet
Interface number : a router can be connected to different networks, each with a different interface number
Queue number : ARP uses numbered queue to enqueue the packets waiting for address resolution
Attempts :number of times an ARP request is sent out for this entry
Time-out : the lifetime of an entry in seconds
Hardware address : destination hardware address
Protocol address : the destination IP address

21. ARP Package – Five Components
Output module

22. ARP Package – Five Components
Input module

23. ARP Package – Five Components
Cache control module

24. ARP Package – Five Components
Cache control module

25. Original Cache Table Used for Example

26. Example 8.2
The ARP output module receives an IP datagram (from the IP layer) with the destination address It checks the cache table and finds that an entry exists for this destination with the RESOLVED state (R in the table). It extracts the hardware address, which is ACAE32, and sends the packet and the address to the data link layer for transmission. The cache table remains the same.

27. Example 8.3
Twenty seconds later, the ARP output module receives an IP datagram (from the IP layer) with the destination address It checks the cache table and does not find this destination in the table. The module adds an entry to the table with the state PENDING and the Attempt value 1. It creates a new queue for this destination and enqueues the packets. It then sends an ARP request to the data link layer for this destination. The new cache table is shown in Table 8.6

28. Table 8.6 Updated Cache Table for Example 8.3

29. Example 8.4
Fifteen seconds later, the ARP input module receives an ARP packet with target protocol (IP) address The module checks the table and finds this address. It changes the state of the entry to RESOLVED and sets the time-out value to 900. The module then adds the target hardware address (E ACA) to the entry. Now it accesses queue 18 and sends all the packets in this queue, one by one, to the data link layer. The new cache table is shown in Table 8.7

30. Updated Cache Table for Example 8.4

31. Example 8.5
Twenty-five seconds later, the cache-control module updates every entry. The time-out values for the first three resolved entries are decremented by 60. The time-out value for the lastresolved entry is decremented by 25. The state of the next-to-the last entry is changed to FREE because the time-out is zero. For each of the there pending entries, the value of the attempts field is incremented by one. After incrementing, the attempts value for one entry (the one with IP address ) is more than maximum; the state is changed to FREE, the queue is deleted, and an ICMP message is sent to the original destination.

32. Table 8.8 Updated Cache Table for Example 8.5

33. 8.7 Summary
Delivery of a packet to a host or router requires two levels of address: logical and physical. A logical address identifies a host or router at the network level. TCP/IP calls this logical address an IP address. A physical address identifies a host or router at the physical level
Mapping of a logical address to a physical address can be static or dynamic. Static mapping involves a list of logical and physical address; maintenance of the list requires high overhead
The address resolution protocol (ARP) is a dynamic mapping method that finds a physical address given a logical address. An ARP request is broadcast to all devices on the network. An ARP reply is unicast to the host requesting the mapping

34. 8.7 Summary
In proxy ARP, a router represents a set of hosts. When an ARP request seeks the physical address of any host in this set, the router sends its own physical address. This creates a subnetting effect.
ATMARP is a protocol used on ATM networks that binds a physical address to an IP address. The ATMARP server’s mapping table is built through the use of the inverse request and the inverse reply messages. An ATM network can be divided into logical subnetworks to facilitate ATMARP and other protocol operations.
The ARP software package consists of five components: a cache table, queue, an output module, an input module, and a cache-control module. The cache table has an array of entries used and updated by ARP messages. A queue contains packets going to the same destination. The output module takes a packet from the IP layer and sends it either to the data link later or to a queue. The input module uses an ARP packet to update the cache table. The input module can also send an ARP reply. The cache-control module maintains the cache table by updating entry fields.