1. HISTORY - FRP Fiber Reinforced Materials
Straw in Clay (Brick, Roof, Walls)
Glass Fibers in Concrete
Glass Fibers in Polymer

2. HISTORY - FRP POST WW-II APPLICATIONS
Boat Hulls
Radomes
Minesweeping Vessels
Bath Tubs
Covers
HS, CR, LW - New Developments
in Filament Winding and Pultrusion

3. HISTORY - FRP POST WW-II APPLICATIONS-2
Pressure Vessels
Submarine Parts
Rocket Shells
Aircraft Components
Automobile Bodies & Parts

4. HISTORY - FRP POST WW-II DOMESTIC APPLICATIONS
Bath Tubs
Covers
Railings
Housing Components
Architectural Components
Ladders
Electrical Equipment

5. HISTORY - FRP POST WW-II RECREATIONAL USES
Fishing Rods
Tennis Rackets
Ski Equipment
Golf Clubs
Recreation Boats
Skates

6. FRP CONSUMPTION (IN MILLION POUNDS)
Source: SPI CI, April 99

7. FRP - CIVIL STRUCTURES CURRENT FIELD ACTIVITIES
Pedestrian Bridges
Highway Bridges
Seismic Retrofit Columns
Bridge Strengthening
Bridge Repairs

8. FRP TECHNOLOGY CHARACTERISTICS
High Strength
High Resistance to Corrosion and Chemical
High Resistance to Elevated Temperature
High Resistance to Abrasion
Toughness
Fatigue
Light Weight

9. FRP TECHNOLOGY ADVANTAGES
Ease in Fabrication, Manufacturing, Handling, and Erection
Year-Round Construction
Short Project Time Delivery
High Performance
Durability (Jury Still Out)
Excellent Strength-to-Weight Ratio 5

10. FRP TECHNOLOGY DISADVANTAGES -1
High First Cost
Creep and Shrinkage
Potential for Environmental Degradation (Alkalis’ Attack, UV Radiation Exposure, Moisture Absorption, etc.)
Consistency of Material Properties

11. FRP TECHNOLOGY DISADVANTAGES - 2
Global and Local Buckling
Aerodynamic Instability With Lightweight
Requires Highly Trained Specialists
Lack of Standards and Design Guides
Limited Joining and Connection Technology (Adhesive joints, fasteners)

12. FRP TECHNOLOGY PUBLIC CONCERNS
Fire/Flame Resistance
Smoke Toxicity
Fuel Spills
Vandalism/Theft
Inspectibility
Repairability 11

13. MANUFACTURING PROCESS COMMON TO CIVIL APPLICATIONS
Pultrusion
Filament Winding
Layup

14. WHAT IS FRP COMPOSITES COMPONENTS
Fiber Reinforcement
Resin Matrix
***(Fiber-Matrix Interphases)***
Fillers
Additives 9

15. FRP TECHNOLOGY MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Fiber Types
Fiber Orientations
Fiber Architecture
Fiber Volume (30-70%)

16. FRP TECHNOLOGY FIBER TYPES
Glass
Aramid
Carbon (Graphite)
Boron
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) (Available in Japan) 11

17. FRP TECHNOLOGY FIBER OREIENTATION
0 Degree (Parallel - Warp)
90 Degrees (Transverse - Weft)
Between 0 and 90 Degrees (Biased)
(e.g. 0/45/90/-45/0)

18. FRP TECHNOLOGY FIBER ARCHITECTURE
Braiding (2D & 3D)
Knitting
Weaving
Stitched
Chopped

19. FRP TECHNOLOGY CARBON FIBER
Three Polymer Precursors: *Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) *Rayon *Pitch
Anisotropic Materials
Linear Elastic to Failure
Failure by Rupture

20. FRP TECHNOLOGY ARAMID FIBER
Aromatic Polyamides
Kevlar 29
Kevlar 49
Anisotropic Materials
Linear Elastic to Failure
Failure by Rapture

21. FRP -TYPICAL PROPERTIES
Source: Tonen Energy Corp

22. FRP BRIDGE TECHNOLOGY FIBER PROPERTIES
Carbon (600 ksi) 4
Aramid (500 ksi) 3
E-glass (350 ksi)
fiber stress (Gpa) 2 1 1 2 3 4
fiber strain (%) 2

23. FRP TECHNOLOGY RESIN SYSTEM
Thermoplastics (melts when heated, solidifies when cooled, no permanent curing)
Thermosets (cures permanently by irreversible cross linking at elevated temp.)

24. FRP TECHNOLOGY RESIN FORMULATIONS
Viscosity
Reactivity
Resiliency
High Deflection Temperature (HDT)

25. FRP TECHNOLOGY RESIN TYPES
Unsaturated Polyesters
Epoxies
Vinyl Esters
Polyurethanes
Phenolics

26. FRP - RESIN SYSTEM UNSATURATED POLYESTERS - 1
75% Resins Used in USA
Condensation Polymerization of Dicarboxylic Acids & Dihydric Alcohols
Contains Maleic Anhydride or Fumaric Acid

27. FRP - RESIN SYSTEM UNSATURATED POLYESTERS - 2
Dimensional Stability
Affordable Cost
Ease in Handling, Processing, & Manufacturing
High Corrosion Resistant & Fire Retardants
Best Value for Performance & Strength

28. FRP - RESIN SYSTEM EPOXIES
Glycidyl Ethers and Amines
Customized Properties
Limited Workability
Sensitive to Curing Agents
High Performance
High First Cost

29. FRP - RESIN SYSTEM VINYL ESTERS
Good Workability
Fast Curing
High Performance
Toughness
Excellent Corrosion Resistance

30. FRP - RESIN SYSTEM POLYURETHANES
Polyisocyanate & Polyol
Reaction or Reinforced Injection Molding Process
High Performance
Toughness
Excellent Corrosion Resistence

31. FRP - RESIN SYSTEM PHENOLICS
Phenols & Formaldehyde
Resole - Alkaline (F/P > 1.0) (Cured by Heat)
Novolac - Acidic (F/P < 1.0) (Cured by Chemical Reaction)
Resistance to High Temperature
Good Thermal Stability
Low Smoke Generation

32. FRP TECHNOLOGY FILLERS
Control Composites’ Cost
Improved Mechanical Properties
Improved Chemical Properties
Reduced Creep & Shrinkage
Low Tensile Strength
Fire Retardant & Chemical Resistant

33. FRP TECHNOLOGY FILLER TYPES
Calcium Carbonate
Kaolin
Alumina Trihydrate
Mica Feldspar
Wollastonite
Silica, Talc, Glass

34. FRP TECHNOLOGY ADDITIVES
Improved Material Properties
Aesthetics
Enhanced Workability
Improved Performance

35. FRP TECHNOLOGY ADDITIVE TYPES
Catalysts
Promoters
Inhibitors
Coloring Dyes
Releasing Agents
Antistatic Agents
Foaming Agents

36. FRP TECHNOLOGY SMART MATERIALS
Innovative Design and Application
Customized Product for High Performance
Versatility
Complex Design Process
Materials, Processing, Configurations

37. FRP - DESIGN FEATURES Avoid Abrupt Thickness Change
Take Advantage of Geometric Shapes
Take Advantage of Hybrid System
Use Bonded Assemblies & Joints
Provide Good Details on Connections

38. FRP - DESIGN AVOID ABRUPT THICKNESS
Inefficient By Thickness
Avoid Stress Risers
Consider Stress Flow
Consider Load Paths
Understand Structural Behavior

39. FRP - DESIGN FEATURES Avoid Abrupt Thickness Change
Take Advantage of Geometric Shapes
Take Advantage of Hybrid System
Use Bonded Assemblies & Joints
Provide Good Details on Connections

40. FRP - DESIGN GEOMETRICAL SHAPES
Low Stresses
Optimize Design - Balance Criteria (Stress, Deflection, and Stability)
Use Flanges, Ribs, Stiffeners
Use Honeycomb or Box Cells, Tubes
Proportioning and Orienting Cells

41. FRP - DESIGN FEATURES Avoid Abrupt Thickness Change
Take Advantage of Geometric Shapes
Take Advantage of Hybrid System
Use Bonded Assemblies & Joints
Provide Good Details on Connections

42. FRP - DESIGN HYBRID SYSTEMS
High Strength in Composites
High Stiffness in Conventional Materials
Concrete Filled Carbon Shells
Reinforced Timber Beams
PS Tendons, Rods, Bars, Laminates
Account for Material Compatibility

43. FRP - DESIGN FEATURES Avoid Abrupt Thickness Change
Take Advantage of Geometric Shapes
Take Advantage of Hybrid System
Use Bonded Assemblies & Joints
Provide Good Details on Connections

44. FRP - DESIGN BONDED JOINTS
Epoxy Bonded Assemblies
Epoxy Bonded Joints
Bonded Shear Transfer Strips
Plate Bonding Technology
Bonded Splices
Durability of Joints

45. FRP - DESIGN FEATURES Avoid Abrupt Thickness Change
Take Advantage of Geometric Shapes
Take Advantage of Hybrid System
Use Bonded Assemblies & Joints
Provide Good Details on Connections

46. FRP - DESIGN CONNECTION DETAILS
Local Stress Flow
Overall Load Path
Weak Links
Manufacturing Defects
Fabrication Irregularities
Select Proper Fasteners

47. FRP TECHNOLOGY FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS
T2 from Aerospace Industry - CE transition
Bridge structures - Stiffness Driven
Customized vs. Open Market
Cross Cutting Team in Design-Build
Education and Training of SE/CEs
New Construction Technology
New Manuf./Fabric. Technology 11

48. FRP TECHNOLOGY CONCLUSION - 1
Continue R & D Activities
Training
Government & Private Funding
Building Teamwork & Partnership
Proprietary Products & Patents
Performance/Prescriptive Specs - “Birth Certificate” & Baseline Reference 21

49. FRP TECHOLOGY CONCLUSION - 2
AASHTO, ASCE, ACI, PCI,
NSF, NIST (ATP), ISCC
Euro and Japanese Standards (Std.)
Design Std., Specs & Guidelines
Materials Specifications & Testing Std.
Manufacturing Process & Standards
Database Management 22