1. Medical Terminology Essentials – Chapter 15
The
Endocrine
System
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2. After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
Objectives
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
Name the parts of the endocrine system
Discuss the function of each part
Define combining forms relate to the endocrine system
Define the major signs, symptoms and diseases.
Name the common diagnostic procedures medical and surgical terms.
Explain the meaning of common drug categories

3. Structure and Function
The Endocrine System
Consists of:
hormones
secrete
into
bloodstream to
glands
target tissues

4. Structure and Function
The Endocrine System is ductless
The Endocrine System produces hormones that are released directly into the bloodstream
Hormones are chemicals that regulate specific body functions

5. Structure and Function
The hormones in the endocrine system keep the body in homeostasis (balance)
Hormones function by a key-in-the-lock system.
Each hormone acts only on a specific organ or organ system
Where specific receptor sites accept the hormone

6. Structure and Function
Hypothalamus
located in the brain just below the thalamus
functions as part of the endocrine system and the nervous system
Secretes substances that stimulate or inhibit the secretion of hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland.

7. Structure and Function
Pituitary Gland
often called the master gland
location: in the base of the brain
Made up of two glands: anterior pituitary gland and posterior pituitary gland.

8. Structure and Function
Anterior Pituitary
Posterior Pituitary
TSH – thyroid stimulating hormone
FSH – follicle stimulating hormone
LH – luteinizing hormone
Prolactin
GH – growth hormone
Oxytocin
ADH – antidiuretic hormone

9. Structure and Function
Thyroid Gland
Location: in the neck
on either side of and across the surface of the trachea
Hormones produced and functions:
T3 – triiodothyronine – increases rate of cellular metabolism
T4 – thyroxine

10. Structure and Function
Parathyroid Gland
Location: four round bodies
on the posterior side of the thyroid gland
Hormone: Parathyroid hormone – regulates level of calcium in the blood & removes Ca from bone and deposits it in the blood

11. Structure and Function
Pancreas
Location: LUQ
posterior to the stomach
hormones produced and function:
Glucagon – breaks down glycogen into glucose
Insulin
is secreted when blood glucose is high
transports glucose to & into the cell

12. Structure and Function
Adrenal Gland
Location: on top of each kidney
Consists of two parts
outer part or cortex
inner part or medulla
Hormones secreted by the adrenal gland include:
aldosterone
cortisol or hydrocortisone
androgens
epinephrine or adrenaline
norepinephrine or noradrenaline

13. Combining Forms Combining Form Meaning Acr (o) aden(o) adren(o)
Andr (o)
Calc (i)
Congenit (o)
Crin (o)
Dem (o)
extremities
gland
adrenal glands
male
calcium
Present at birth
secrete
population

14. Combining Forms Combining Form Meaning dextr(o) diabet(o) dips(o)
gonad(o)
gluco(o); glyc(o)
ket(o)
lact(o)
right
diabetes
thirst
Sex glands, gonads
glucose
ketones
milk

15. Combining Forms Combining Form Meaning breast mast(o) ox(y)
pancreat(o)
somat(o)
toxic(o)
thym(o)
thyr(o); thyroid(o)
troph(o)
Trop(o)
breast
oxygen
pancreas
body
Toxic, poison
thymus
thyroid
development
stimulating

16. Pathological Terms gigantism
excessive generalized growth due to hypersecretion of somatotropin before puberty
Acromegaly
Enlargement of face, due to hypersecretion of growth hormone after puberty.
dwarfism
stunted growth due to hyposecretion of growth hormone
Diabetes Insipidus
Excessive urine output d/t hyposecretion of ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)

17. Pathological Terms goiter
Enlargement of the thyroid due to lack of iodine in diet
Grave’s disease
Hyperthyroid disease (often autoimmune)
exophthalmos
Protruding eyes – often a symptome of Graves disease
Myxedema
Hypothyroid disease - deficiency of thyroid hormone

18. Pathological Terms cretinism
Mental retardation of a baby born to a mother with myxedema
Hypercalcemia
Excessive calcium in the blood
Hypocalcemia
Deficiency of calcium in the blood
Diabetes Mellitus
(DM)
Underproduction of or resistance to insulin.

19. Pathological Terms hyperglycemia Excessive glucose levels in the blood
hypoglycemia
Deficiency of glucose in the blood
Glycosuria
Glucose in the urine
Polyuria
Excessive urination
Polydipsia
Excessive thirst
Polyphagia
Excessive hunger

20. Pathological Terms neuropathy Disease of the nerves nephropathy
Disease of the kidneys
retinopathy
Disease of the retina of the eye
Cushing’s syndrome
A group of symptoms due to hyper-secretion of the adrenal glands
Addison’s disease
A group of symptoms due to the hypo-secretion of the adrenal glands

21. Pathological Terms virilism
appearance of mature male characteristics in a young males or females
hirsutism
male pattern hair growth on young males or females
hypersecretion
Excessive secretion
hyposecretion
Deficient secretion
inhibition
To prevent, stop or control
receptor
Part of a target cell with properties compatible with a hormone

22. Medical & Surgical Terms
ADA diet
American Diabetes Association diet – low in carbohydrates and fat, moderate protein
fine needle biopsy
Small piece of tissue removed with a needle to test for cancer
thyroidectomy
Surgical removal of the thyroid

23. Drug Categories Anti-diabetic drugs
Medications that help the cell use the insulin that is available – oral agents
Anti-thyroid drugs
Drugs that reduce the amount of thyroid hormone produced – I131 - PTU
insulin
Hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreas
thyroid replacement drugs
Drugs that supplement thyroid hormone production - Synthroid

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