1. Morphology
There are several ways of forming words in English and Arabic, but the most common ways are derivation, inflection and compounding. This chapter is an attempt to discuss the derivational systems of English and Arabic comparatively.

2. Derivation
Derivation is one of the major processes of word-formation in English. Derivational morphemes can produce new words from existing words in two ways.
First, they can change the meaning of a word, e.g. true , untrue. Second, they can change the lexical category of a word ,e.g. (true ) is an adjective ,( truly) an adverb , (truth) a noun.

3. Nouns derived from nouns
1-( small x) - : let ,ette ,-ie
e.g.:- droplet , booklet , cigarette , doggie
2-( female x) :- ess ,- ine
e.g.:- waitress, princess, heroine
3-( inhabitant of x) -: -er,-(i) an
e.g. :- Londoner , new Yorker , Texan, Glaswegian 4-(state of being an x) :-ship ,- hood
(state of being an x) e.g.:- kingship , ladyship ,motherhood , priesthood
5-( devotee of x) : - ist, ian
e.g. contortionist , Islamist , logician , historian

4. Nouns derived from adjectives and verbs
6 – (- ity) , e.g. Purity , equality , ferocity , sensitivity
7- (-ness) , e.g. goodness , tallness, fierceness, sensitiveness.
8- (-ism) e.g. radicalism, conservatism

5. Nouns derived from verbs
There are numerous suffixes for deriving nouns from verbs. Here are just a few :-
9- ( - ance ,- ence) e.g. performance , ignorance , reference convergence , acceptance , dependence
10 – (- ment) ,eg announcement , commitment , development , engagement , agreement , placement
11- (-ing ) ,e.g. painting , singing, building , ignoring

6. Ns derived from Vs
12- (- (a) t) ion ) e.g. denunciation ,commission, organization confusion
13- (- al ) e.g. refusal , arrival , referral, committal , proposal
14- (-er ,-or ) e.g. painter , singer ,organizer, grinder
leader, actor ,director
15- (-y) e.g. delivery , flattery, discovery , recovery

7. Nouns derived from members of other word classes
(-acy) e.g. conspiracy, supremacy.
(-age ) e.g. coinage , shortage , percentage, shrinkage
(-dom ) e.g. kingdom, freedom, dukedom
(-(e)ry) e.g. slavery , refinery

8. Adjectives derived from adjectives
In this category, prefixes predominate; the only suffix is (-ish) , meaning ( some what x ) e.g. greenish , smallish , remotish
By contrast, the prefix (un-)meaning not is extremely widely spread, e.g.:- unhappy, unsure, unreliable, undiscovered however ,this does not mean that (un-) can be prefixed to all adjectives quite freely .

9. Adj made from prefixes
Another negative prefixes are (in -) ,( ill-) ,(ir-) (im-)
e.g. intangible , illegal , irresponsible and impossible
And also other productive prefixes, such as :
(dis-) disorder – disobey
(mis) - Mistrust – misunderstood .
(non-) non- cooperative – non – existent

10. Adjectives derived from members of other word classes
Further suffixes that commonly form adjectives from verbs with their basic meanings, are :-
1- (- able) "able to be x ed" : breakable ,
agreeable, remarkable, reliable , readable.
2- (-ent,-ant) "tending, to x" :-repellent , expectant , excellent, confident , dependent
3- (-ive ) "tending to x" :- repulsive, explosive , creative, attractive , selective , preventive , instructive

11. Adj made from N
Suffixes that form adjectives from nouns are more numerous here are some :-
1-( - ful) e.g. joyful , hopeful, helpful, meaningful,
powerful, skillful, faithful, beautiful, successful
2- (-less) e.g. Joyless, hopeless , helpless, meaningless,
powerless, homeless ,worthless, useless
3-(-al)e.g. original , normal, personal, national, universal, regional

12. Adj made from N
4- (-ish) e.g. boyish – selfish, waspish, loutish, foolish, childish ,sheepish
5- (-y) e.g. funny, stormy, sunny, guilty, messy, wealthy, gloomy.
6- (-ly) e.g. friendly, orderly, manly, costly, monthly.
7.(- ous) e.g. dangerous , mysterious, famous, nervous, poisonous.

13. Adj made from N 8-(-ary)e.g. momentary, customary, fragmentary,
complimentary, honorary, revolutionary.
9- (-ic)e.g. historic, artistic, athletic, basic, rhythmic,
photographic, Islamic, scientific, realistic,
10-(-some)e.g. handsome, lovesome, tiresome.
11-(-en)e.g. wooden, woolen, golden.

14. Verbs derived from verbs
This section is unusual in that all the affixes are prefixes , most prominent are (re-) and the negative prefixes (un-) ,(de-) ,(dis-) ,as in the following examples
1-repaint, re-enter
2-untie, untangle
3-decompose, desensitize,
4- disentangle, disbelieve

15. Verbs derived from members of other word classes
Verbs derived from nouns and from adjectives are numerous. Some affixes for deriving verbs from noun are:-
1-(de-) e.g.:-. debug, deforest, delouse.
2- (-ize) e.g.:- organize, patronize, terrorize, realize ,
materialize , apologize, criticize
3- (-(i)fy) e.g.:- beautify, gentrify, petrify, identify, clarify, glorify, simplify.

16. V derived from other classes
4(-en)e.g.:- shorten- sweeten- lengthen- blacken- widen- broaden.
(de-)e.g:- meaning is (remove x from ). However, neither
(-ize) nor (-ify) has a clear-cut meaning a part from its verb – forming function . These suffixes can derive verbs from adjectival bases too, as in nationalize, tenderize, intensify, purify.

17. Adverbs-making suffixes
(-ly) e.g., easily – recently ,privately, noisily, socially
(-wise) e.g., clockwise, valuwise
In the chart below, some of the most common prefixes are listed,
ante – (before)
anti-(against)
auto-(self)
bi-( two)

18. Adverbs-making suffixes
ante – (before) anti-(against)
auto-(self) bi-( two)
circum ( around) con-,co- (together)
ex- , e- (out-from) inter- (between)
macro- (large) micro- (small)
mis- (wrong) mono- (one)
post- (behind , after)

19. Adv. Making preffixes pre- (first) pro- (for, before) re- (again)
sub- (under)
trans- (across)
tri- (three)
uni- (one)
ultra- (beyond)
un-ir-in- (not)

20. Origin of Derivational Affixes
-er Driver, painter.
ness Ugliness, coldness.
ing Singing, playing.
dom Freedom, kingdom.
hood Brotherhood, manhood
-ship Leadership, friendship
th Breath, length.
let Booklet, islet.

21. Adjective-forming affixes:
-ful Joyful
-less Harmless
-y Cozy
-ish Childish
-ly Lovely
-en Golden
-some Handsome
like Ladylike

22. Verb-forming affixes
-enWiden
Adverb-forming affixes
-wise-ly Rarely
Clockwise
Prefixes
be-Befriend
mis-Misuse
un-Unselfish
over-Overdo

23. able/ -ible Capable, divisible. -ant/-ent Servant, student.
Borrowed Affixes have come to the English language from different foreign languages. The affixes of foreign origin are classified according to their source into:
-Latin
able/ -ible Capable, divisible.
-ant/-ent Servant, student.
extra- Extralinguistic.
pre- Pre-election.
ultra- Ultra-high.
Examples

24. Greek
-ist Artist
-ism Marxism
-ite Vulcanite
anti- Anti-democratic
Sy m-/ sin-E Synthesis

25. French
-age Percentage
-ance/ -ence Extravagance, coherence
-ard Wizard
-ate Electorate
-ee Employee
-ess Princess
en-/ em- Enclose, embed
Examples