1. How a Bill Becomes a Law The Full Process Goal 2 – Chapter 6 – Section 4

2. Types of Bills
Bills fall into two categories: Private Bills concern individual people or places; Public Bills apply to the entire nation and involve general matters like taxation

3. Types of Bills
Along with bills, Congress considers different kinds of Resolutions or formal statements expressing lawmakers’ opinions or decisions; most do not have the force of law
Joint Resolutions=when passed by both houses of Congress, become laws if signed by the President
Congress uses joint resolutions to propose Amendments, to designate money for a special purpose, and to correct errors in bills already passed

4. The Process- Bill to Law
Every bill starts with an idea, ideas for new bills come from private citizens, the White House, or from special-interest groups

5. From Bill to Law
Special-Interest Groups= organizations made up of people with common interests who try to influence government decisions (add: interest groups hire lobbyists)
Examples: NRA (guns), PETA (animal treatment), NAACP- (african american rights)

6. From Bill to Law
Bills can be introduced in Congress only by a Senator or Representative
Every bill is given a title and Number when it is submitted; any bill that involves money must start in the House of Representatives (ADD: The house represents the “will of the people” – always elected by the people.

7. Committee Action
After a bill is introduced, it is sent to the Standing Committee (permanent committee) that is related to the subject of the bill; they have life and death power over bills

8. Committee Action Committees have several options, they can:
1. Pass the bill (without changes)
2. Mark a bill with changes and suggest it be passed (amend- change)
3. Replace the original bill with a new bill
4. Ignore the bill and let it die (“ pigeonholing the bill)
5. Kill the bill outright by a majority vote (ADD: 1 vote more then half of the people present for voting)

9. Debating a Bill
Bills approved in committee are ready for consideration by the full House (435) or Senate (100)
When they do reach the floor of the House or Senate, members argue their pros and cons and discuss Amendments

10. Debating a Bill The House accepts only amendments relevant to the bill
The Senate allows Riders- completely unrelated amendments-to be tacked onto the bill
Leader: Speaker of the House Leader: Vice President -- # 2 – President Pro-Tempore

11. Rules of Debate
In the House, the Rules Committee sets the terms for debate; it puts time limits on discussion
Side Note: in the house they have limited talk time during discussions because they have more voting members.

12. Rules of Debate
The Senate has fewer rules, Senators can speak as long as they wish; at times they take advantage of this custom to Filibuster or talk a bill to death to delay the vote
Side note: Senators have UNLIMITED talk time because they have fewer voting members. Example of a filibuster – reading form the Bible, the US Constitution, a newspaper from cover to cover while trying to delay a vote.

13. Rules of Debate
The Senate can end a filibuster if 3/5 of members vote for Cloture, under this procedure, no one may speak for more than 1 hour
Side Note: only way to add a time limit

14. Voting on a Bill Congressman can vote on a bill in four ways:
1. The simplest is a Voice Vote in which those in favor say “Yea” and those against say “No”
2. In a Standing Vote those in favor of a bill stand to be counted, then those against it stand to be counted
3. In a Recorded Vote, members votes are recorded electronically
4. In a Roll-Call-Vote Senators respond “Aye” or “No” as their names are called

15. Voting on a Bill
A simple Majority of all members that are present is needed to pass a bill; if a bill passes in one house, it is sent to the other; if either house rejects a bill, it dies
The Senate and House must pass a bill in Identical form before it becomes law

16. Voting on a Bill
If two versions of the same bill are passed, a Conference Committee with members from both houses work out the differences and submit a revised bill
The House and Senate must either accept it without amendments or completely reject it

17. Action by the President
After a bill is approved it goes to the President
1. He can sign the bill and declare it a new Law
2. He can Veto, or refuse to sign the bill
 Example of Checks and Balances 

18. Action by the President
3. The President can do nothing for 10 days, if Congress is in session the bill becomes a law without the president’s signature (POCKET PASS) 4. If he does nothing for 10 days and Congress has adjourned, the bill dies; killing legislation in this way is called a Pocket Veto

19. Action by the President
Congress can override a veto with a 2/3 vote of each house
What is needed to override: House- 290/435 votes; Senate- 67/100 votes