1. MAJOR ENDOCRINE GLANDS III. Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus …

2. III. Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus… B. Pituitary Gland
*Location
*Number Hormones:
Lobes
*Anterior Lobe (6):
(adenohypophysis)
*Posterior Lobe (2):
(neurohypophysis)
*Infundibulum
Hypophyseal Tract:
Posterior Pituitary
- *Neurohormones made where:
Hypophseal Portal Veins
Infundibulum
Figure 9.3

3. Hormones released by Posterior Pituitary into capillary beds
ADH= full name:
i) *Target:
ii) *Stimulus:
iii) Inhibition: increasing body water and blood pressure
iv) *Effect:
v) Regulation: Humoral; Negative Feedback via Hypothalaamus osmoreceptors that sense H2O

4. v) … Via hypothalamus osmoreceptors that sense H2O concentration
1. Posterior Pituitary …
v) … Via hypothalamus osmoreceptors that sense H2O concentration
b. Oxytocin
*Target:
*Stimulus:
Inhibition: reduced Pressure on Cervix and lack of suckling
*Effect:
Regulation: neural factors; from pressure and stretch receptors; Positive Feedback

5. 1. Posterior Pituitary… Hormones …
b. Oxytocin …

6. 2. Anterior Pituitary Hormones
i) Two categories of Hormones
Non-stimulating Hormones
Stimulating Hormones

7. 2. Anterior Pituitary … a. Overview …
ii) *Stimulus: Releasing & Inhibiting hormones of hypoth.
iii) 2 of the Ant. Pit Hormones go directly to target organs and NOT to another Endocrine Gland = Non- stimulating Hormones
Hypothalamus Hormone  Ant. Pituitary Hormone  Target Organ
iv) 4 of the Anterior Pituitary Hormones: act as the hormonal stimulus for other Endocrine Glands = Stimulating hormones
Hypothalamus Hormone Anterior Pituitary Stimulating Hormone  Endocrine Gland which releases its hormone  Target Organ
v) Regulation: Hormonal; Via Negative Feedback– usually the last hormone in the chain inhibits production of the Pituitary Hormone and/or Hypothalamus Hormone

8. b. Non-stimulating Hormones
Hypothalmic hormone  non-stimulating hormone  target
i) Growth Hormone
*Target:
Stimulation: Daily cycle set by Hypothalamus with peak production during adolescence
Inhibition: High levels of GH
*Effect (Action):
*Bones and Skeletal Muscles:
*Metabolic Effects:
Regulation:
Hormonal; Negative Feedback.
GH - feedback to Hypothalamus

9. i) Growth hormone … Regulation …
GH Stimulating Hormone and GH inhibiting Hormone from Hypothalamus
*DISORDERS: Students Please do the following
Pituitary dwarfism
Gigantism
age 16
age 33
age 9
age 52

10. 2. Anterior Pituitary … e. Non-stimulating Hormone …
ii) Prolactin (PRL)
*Target: Breasts
*Stimulus: End of Pregnancy & Infant Suckling
Inhibition:. Not pregnant and no suckling
*Effect: Causes milk production
Regulation: Hormonal; Negative Feedback
Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone (PIH) = Dopamine: NO STIMULATING HORMONE
When a woman is NOT pregnant Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone is high and release of Prolactin is mostly inhibited
If a woman is pregnant and ready to give birth and an infant is suckling PIH is low and prolactin is released and milk production occurs.

11. i) Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone = Thyrotropin
2. Anterior Pituitary …
Hypo. Releasing Hormone  Pit. Stimulating Hormone  Endocrine Gland  final Hormone
c. Stimulating Hormones
= Tropic Hormones– Cause growth
Function: cause another Endocrine Gland to release its hormone
i) Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone = Thyrotropin
*Target:
Stimulus/Inhibition: no distinct stimulus as is continuously produced
*Effect (Action):
Regulation: Hormonal; via Thyroid Releasing Hormone of hypothalamus and levels of Thyroid Hormone: Releasing Hormone  Stimulating Hormone
 Thyroid Hormone
Negative Feedback

12. *Effect (Action): Cause Adrenal Gland to release ?
f. Stimulating Hormones of Ant. Pit. ii) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (corticotrophin)= ACTH is a Stimulating Hormone
*Target:
*Stimulation:
*Inhibition:
*Effect (Action): Cause Adrenal Gland to release ?
Regulation: Hormonal; Negative Feedback via Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH) from the Hypothalamus which stimulates its release
increasing Glucocorticoid Hormones feedback to inhibit the Pit and Hypo Hormones
CRH  ACTH  Adrenal Gland  Glucocorticoid Hormones
Negative Feedback

13. f. Stimulating Hormones
iii) Gonadotropins: FSH and LH
(1) FSH = Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
*Target: Gonads
Stimulation: Puberty and Sexual Maturity
Inhibition: Childhood
*Action: Stimulates production of gametes in both sexes.
*Synergistic w/ LH in what?
Regulation:
Low levels of Gonadal Hormones (Testosterone, Estrogen, and Progesterone) stimulate
High levels of Gonadal Hormones inhibit hypothalamus from releasing Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
GnRH  FSH and LH  Gonadal Hormones
Negative Feedback

14. f. Stimulating Hormones iii) Gonadotropins: …
LH = Lutenizing Hormone
*Target:
Stimulus:
Inhibition:
*Action:
*Stimulates production of what?
*In women triggers what?
*Synergistic w/ FSH in ?
*Causes secretion of what?
Regulation:
Stimulation: GnRH
Inhibition: High Testosterone, Estrogen, and Progesterone: im women only if not pregnant

15. IV. Thyroid Gland B. Thyroid Hormone, Thyroxine (T3) Overview
*Location & Structure:
2. Microscopic View:
*Follicles
b) Parafollicular cells:
B. Thyroid Hormone, Thyroxine (T3)
1. Active forms: T4 & T3
Production
*Required Element?
*Other parts produced where?

16. Stimulation: in infants, exposure to cold; needed constantly
IV. Thyroid Gland …
Follicle
Colloid
B. Thyroxine …
*Target:
Stimulation: in infants, exposure to cold; needed constantly
Inhibition– see Regulation
*Effects (Actions):
*Metabolic Rate affected how?
*Growth affected how?
4. Regulation:
Release: Thyroxine Releasing Hormone from Hypothalamus  Throxine Stimulating Hormone from Pituitary  Thyroid Gland  Thyroxine
Inhibition: increasing Thyroxine

17. C. Calcitonin (insignificant in humans) *Gland Produced at? - Cells =
IV. Thyroid Gland …
C. Calcitonin (insignificant in humans)
*Gland Produced at?
- Cells =
Target:
Actions at Pharmacological Doses
Regulation: Humoral; Negative Feedback;
- Via changes in Blood Calcium

18. V. Parathyroid Glands & Parathyroid hormone
A. *Location:
B. *Target:
C. Effect (Actions)
*Osteoclasts:
Reabsorption of Ca+
*Vitamin D:
D. Regulation: Humoral; Negative Feedback
Release: When blood Ca+2 low
Inhibition: increasing Ca+2 blood levels

19. Thyroid and Parathyroid
Thyroid Gland
Parathyroid Gland

20. VI. Adrenal Glands A. Overview 1. Location: Parts a. Adrenal Cortex
Tissue:
Hormones: Corticosteroids
Made from Cholesterol
*3 Layers: List
b. Adrenal Medulla
Tissue:
Hormones: Catecholamines

21. Parts & Layers of Adrenal Gland
Hormones
Layers
= Capsule
= Zona Glomerulosa
= Zona Fasiculata
Adrenal Cortex
= Zona Reticularis

22. B. ADRENAL CORTEX 1. Zona Glomerulosa
a. Hormone: Mineralocorticoids– mostly Aldosterone
b. *Target:
Juxtaglomerular Complex
c. Effect: Long-term Stress Response
Reabsorption of Na+
Excretion of K+
Indirectly causes water
reabsorption and increased
blood pressure
d. Regulation: humoral & hormonal
Decreased Na+ and increased K+
Kidney: Renin-Angiotensin-
Aldosterone Mechanism

23. 2. Glucocorticoids a. *Layer: b. Cortisol (significant amounts)
i) Target: Body Cells
ii) Effect: Long-term Stress Response
Gluconeogenesis
Increased blood fatty acids and amino acids (so glucose for brain)
iii) Stimulus:
Stress
iv) Regulation: Hormonal; Negative Feedback
CRH (hypo)  ACTH (ant. pit.) Cortisol
Inhibition: rising Cortisol levels

24. Hormone: weak Androgens– levels normally low and insignificant
Adrenal Glands …
3. Gonadocorticoids
*Layer:
Hormone: weak Androgens–
levels normally low and insignificant
C. Adrenal Medulla
1. Cells of: Chromaffin Cells = Modified Sympathetic Ganglionic neurons
2. Hormones: Catecholamines =
epinephrine & norepinephrine
Target: Lung bronchi, blood vessels,
and heart
Effect (Actions): short-term stress
“Fight or Flight” see diagram on
next slide. when sympathetic N.S. activated, it sends impulses via preganglionic neurons to adrenal medulla

25. Adrenal Medulla … ‘fight or flight’ …
Short term
Stress
Hypothalamus
Nerve impulses
Short-term stress response
Spinal cord
Adrenal medulla
Preganglionic sympathetic fibers
Catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)
1. Increased heart rate
2. Increased blood pressure
3. Liver converts glycogen to glucose and releases glucose to blood
4. Dilation of bronchioles
5. Changes in blood flow patterns, leading to increased alertness and decreased digestive and kidney activity
6. Increased metabolic rate
Figure 9.13, step 5

26. VII. Pancreas A. Location: B. *Hormones/Cells: β  make? α  make?
C. Target: Body Cells and Liver
D. Effects:
Insulin
Glucagon
E. Stimulus: blood glucose
levels
F. Regulation: Humoral via
Negative Feedback
G. Disorders: Diabetes Mellitus—
Type I and Type II
Insulin producers
Glucagon producers
Students Do

27. X. Hormones Secreted by Organs
IX. Gonads & Placenta
A. Ovaries – produce:
steroid hormone
1. Estrogens
2. Progesterone
B. Testes – produce:
Produce androgens (testosterone)
X. Hormones Secreted by Organs
Kidneys
Erythropoietin
Renin  Angiotensin II
HEART
1. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
Gastrointestinal Tract 3

28. END of PPT