1. CHAPTER 18 LECTURE – INCOME INEQUALITY

2. Measures of Inequality
Inequality can be measured in several different ways, and each different way may be the most appropriate for a particular kind of analysis
Measures of inequality are based on how the average income of a given country is distributed across its population
To obtain a measure of inequality, we need information of income for each single individual in the country, or for a “sample” of individuals

3. Functional Distribution of Income Based on Types of Income: Wages, Rent, Interest, Profit

4. The Lorenz Curve
The Gini coefficient is the ratio of the areas A/(A+B) in the figure above

5. The Gini Coefficient
To summarize inequality in a single number, some statistics were developed
The most popular one is the Gini coefficient
The ratio of the areas A/(A+B)
Larger Gini coefficient means larger inequality (note that the coefficient is between 0 and 1)
Keep in mind, however, sometimes the value is based on 100 point scale.
Another popular approach is to compare the income of different fractions of the population; for example: ratio between income of the 20% richest and income of the 20% poorest

6. Economic Inequality in the United States

8. Economic Inequality in the United States
Wealth is even more unequally distributed than income.

11. Inequality Depends on Factors that are Persistent Through Time
inequality in access to education and credit (entrepreneurship);
culture and social structures associated with discrimination;
inequality in political representation;
intergenerational transmission of inequality via fertility and educational decisions (poor people tend to have more kids and invest less in each). Some degree of inequality is due to the fact that different people have different levels of ability
Luck, connections, and misfortune
also, some degree of inequality is necessary to generate incentives in the market  this is the way to make people work hard, or to give right incentives for creative people to innovate

12. The Concept of Poverty
We usually think of poverty as making less than a certain amount of income. Poverty, however, has many dimensions.
Food (and nutrition) and shelter: directly related to real income
Health: Social:
infant mortality - caste, gender
general health - freedoms
overall life expectancy
Education: Vulnerability:
Literacy probability of being exposed
Skills to any type of deprivation

14. Daily Life in Developing Countries
So what would it be like living on $1.50 per day? An article from USA Today may put things into perspective.
Get rid of your car and all of your furniture and appliances except one chair and one table – no TV, stereo, refrigerator, dishwasher, clothes washer, dryer, or even lamps.  
Get rid of all your clothing except your oldest, most beaten-up shirt and pair of jeans. If you're the head of the family, you can keep one pair of shoes. If not, get rid of them too.  
Remove the food from the kitchen. You can keep one small bag of flour, some sugar and salt, and a few potatoes, onions, cabbages or dry beans. You'll cook with firewood or dried cow dung.
Shut off the water, gas and electricity. While you're at it, dismantle the bathroom. Your new bathroom will be the local stream or pond. You'll get your drinking water from there too.

15. Move out of the house and into the toolshed
Move out of the house and into the toolshed. Your neighborhood will be a small village or shantytown.  
Don't waste any time on newspapers, books and magazines. They'll be meaningless to you because you'll give up literacy.  
Hold $10 in case of emergency – no bank account, pension plan or insurance policies.  
Cultivate three acres as a tenant farmer. If the weather's good, you can expect $300 to $500 per year in cash crops. You'll pay one third of that to the landlord and another tenth to the moneylender.  
No need to worry about keeping yourself busy in retirement, because you'll be lucky if you live past 55 or 60.

16. Distinction Between Economic Growth and Economic Development
Economic Growth – takes place when there is a sustained (ongoing for at least 1-2 years) increase in a country’s output (as measured by GDP or GNP) or in the per capita output (GDP or GNP per person)
Economic Development – occurs when the standard of living of a large majority of the population rises, including both income and other dimensions like health and literacy
Why is there a distinction?