1. Chapter 13: The Presidency Section 5

2. Objectives Describe the features of the presidential campaign.
Explain how the electoral college provides for the election of the President.
Identify several flaws in the electoral college system.
Outline the advantages and disadvantages of proposed reforms of the electoral college.

3. Key Terms
swing voter: a voter who has not made up his or her mind at the start of a campaign
battleground State: a State in which either candidate could win
district plan: a plan in which each State chooses electors as it chooses members of Congress

4. Key Terms, cont.
proportional plan: a plan that gives each presidential candidate a share of the State electoral vote equal to his or her share of the State popular vote
direct popular election: a plan that would abolish the electoral college and replace it with a direct popular vote for president
national popular vote plan: a plan to reform the electoral system to accomplish a direct popular vote

5. Introduction
Does the election process serve the goals of American democracy today?
This question is still widely debated.
Critics note that the current electoral process does not always elect the winner of the popular vote.
Supporters note that the winner of the popular vote usually wins the presidency and that the current process preserves the influence of the individual States. 5

6. Presidential Campaigns
Presidential campaigns now begin long before the party conventions.
Candidates focus their time and money on battleground States and swing voters, trying to persuade uncommitted voters to support vote for them.

7. Presidential Campaigns, cont.
Voters are bombarded with ads, interviews, speeches, and press releases.
Since the 1960s, candidates also routinely debate each other in nationally televised events.

8. Presidential Campaigns, cont.
Checkpoint: What role does the popular vote play in a presidential election?
The people vote for presidential electors, rather than directly for a candidate.
Checkpoint Answer: The people vote for presidential electors, who then elect the president. 8

9. Choosing Electors
Presidential electors cast the actual votes for President and Vice President. Electors are chosen by the results of the State popular vote on election day.
Electors meet at their State capital after the election and cast one electoral vote for President and one for Vice President. The results are sent to Washington and tallied.
The Framers expected electors to use their own judgment, but now electors are expected to vote for their party’s candidates.

10. Counting Electoral Votes
Each State has as many electors as it has members of Congress.
Each State receives at least three electors, two for its Senate seats and one for the House.

11. Counting Electoral Votes
The winner-take-all system gives all a State’s electoral votes to the candidate who wins the State popular vote.
How does this graphic show the impact of the winner-take-all system?
Graphic Question Answer: Obama won a significantly greater majority in the electoral college than he did of the popular vote, because each state that he won gave him all of its electoral votes regardless of the margin of his popular vote victory there.

12. Defects in the Electoral College
The winner-take-all system and the unequal distribution of State electoral votes means that the winner of the electoral vote might lose the popular vote.
This has happened four times. Fifteen Presidents have won with less than a majority of the popular vote.
NOTE TO TEACHERS: The other four instances in which the winner of the electoral vote lost the popular vote took place in 1824, 1876, and 1888.

13. Bush v. Gore
In 2000, Al Gore narrowly won the popular vote, but George W. Bush won the electoral college by one vote.
Florida’s popular vote was disputed, leading to a recount stopped by a 5-4 decision of the Supreme Court, giving Bush Florida’s 25 electoral votes.

14. The House
Electors are not required by the Constitution to pick the winner of the popular vote in their State.
It is possible that a presidential election will need to be decided in the House.
House votes are by State, not individual members, which gives small States undue influence.
If a majority of State representatives cannot agree on a choice, the State loses its vote.
NOTE TO TEACHERS: Only two elections have been decided in the House, the last time in 1824. 14

15. The House, cont.
The House vote also requires a majority of 26 States, which could be difficult to achieve. A minority party could also control a majority of state delegations.
What does this cartoon imply about the electoral college?
Cartoon Question Answer: The cartoon implies that the electoral college is woefully out of date for the needs and wants of 21st century American presidential politics.

16. Guided Reading Actual Proposed system How it Works Flaws
Electoral College
Voters in each State vote for electors for a party's presidential and vice presidential candidates,
and each State's votes are awarded on a winner-take-all basis
The winner of the national popular vote may not win the electoral vote;
electors may break their pledges to vote for the candidates;
if there is no majority, the election is decided in the House of Representatives.

18. Proposed Reforms
The district plan lets every State congressional district select its own electors by popular vote.
The proportional plan gives each candidate a share of the State electoral vote equal to their share of the State popular vote.
These plans require no constitutional amendment but do not guarantee that the winner of the national popular vote will win the election. More elections might have to be decided by the House.
NOTE TO TEACHERS: Under the district plan, each state also elects two electors for the entire state, just as it elects two Senators in statewide elections.

21. Guided Reading Actual Proposed system How it Works Flaws District Plan
Two electors would be chosen from each State at large and would cast their votes in accordance with the statewide popular vote. All other delegates would be elected separately from the State's congressional districts.
The winner of the popular vote may not win the electoral vote.

22. Guided Reading Actual Proposed system How it Works Flaws
Proportional Plan
Candidates would receive the same percentage of a State's electoral vote as he or she receives in the State's popular vote.
The election may not produce a clear winner, and third parties would gain power.

23. Direct Popular Election
The direct popular election plan abolishes the electoral college. Voters would vote directly for President and Vice President.
The plan has popular support but faces several obstacles:
It would take a constitutional amendment to get rid of the electoral college.
It would make individual States less important.
It would force candidates to campaign everywhere, at great expense. 23

25. Guided Reading Actual Proposed system How it Works Flaws
Direct Popular Election
The electoral college would be scrapped and the President and Vice President would be elected by direct popular vote.
It requires a Constitutional amendment, would weaken federalism, small States would oppose it, and it might not produce a clear winner if a majority vote were required.

26. National Popular Vote Plan
The national popular vote plan calls on States to reform the electoral college and has wide support.
All State electoral votes would be given to the winner of the national popular vote.
All States would enter into a compact that would make this change effective only if approved by States totaling at least 270 electoral votes.
So far only 4 States have successfully changed their electoral laws. But 20 other States have tried.

27. Guided Reading Actual Proposed system How it Works Flaws
National Bonus Plan
Electoral votes would be allotted State by State, as they are now, on a winner-take-all basis, but a national pool of 102 electoral votes would be awarded automatically to the winner of the popular vote. If there were a tie, there would be a run-off election between the two top contenders in the popular vote.
This plan is not well known or understood.

28. Defending the Electoral College
Checkpoint: What are the arguments for keeping the electoral college system?
It is a known process. Reforms may have unknown flaws.
The present system usually identifies the president-elect quickly and clearly.
The electoral college promotes the nation’s two-party system.
Only two presidential elections have ever gone to the House of Representatives.
Checkpoint Answer: The electoral college is a known system with known flaws, it usually works clearly and quickly, it promotes the nation’s two-party system, and has only resulted in the House of Representatives deciding an election twice. 28

29. Guided Reading
, 1876, 1888
the mass of people who actually cast votes

30. Review
Now that you have learned about whether the election process serves the goals of American democracy today, go back and answer the Chapter Essential Question.
Does the current electoral process result in the best candidates for President?