1. Leadership Adoption Governance & Cloud Computing in Education
Karl Donert, Director: Innovative Learning Network Ltd.
Geospatial activity is booming in Europe. In many countries, demand for a geospatial workforce is not being met by supply. Central administration (the European Commission and Ministries of Education) seem largely unaware of the problems being faced by the industry. Connecting stakeholders is essential for the future. This presentation reports on initiatives to support and enhance geospatial education in different education sectors. It suggests the role and importance of networking and developing a strong lobby for geospatial education for all and sets out goals for those working in the geospatial sector to consider when attempting to redress the situation.
School on the Cloud WG1 meeting, Sofia, Bulgaria, January

2. Leadership versus Management
Innovate
Ask what and why
Do the right thing
Are not afraid to engage conflict and work through it to accomplish change
Initiate transformations, endings, transitions, new beginnings
Managers:
Implement
Ask how and when
Do things right
View conflict as counter-productive and prefer cooperation to accomplish procedures
Maintain order, consistency, harmony

3. D2.2 Core Themes Disruptive technology Adoption
Governance – policy in Europe
Governance – national policy
Change management in institutions
Roles – government, CC industry, professional bodies, education (schools, universities etc.)

4. Disruptive Technology
EU Cloud Computing expected to continue to grow
in 2015 $8.2 billion in Cloud services
42% of enterprises not using Cloud Computing services reported insufficient knowledge
The Cloud Is Coming—and It Really Is Important (Educause, 2015)
Low – Middle – High Clouds

5. Disruptive Technology
Cloud Computing assists organisations
Cloud computing is disruptive (Sultan & Sultan, 2008)
Dynamic situation – caused by new technology
Disruptive innovation (Christensen, 1997)

6. Disruptive innovation (Christensen, 1997)

7. Disruptive Technology
Cloud Computing assists organisations
Cloud computing is disruptive (Sultan & Sultan, 2008)
Dynamic situation – caused by new technology
Disruptive innovation (Christensen, 1997)
Two types of disruptive innovations:
new market and
low-end disruptions

8. Disruptive Technology
New market – innovative (new) product attracts customers because it is simpler / cheaper / better than before (iPad)
Low-end disruption – adapt a product to influence the low (value) end of the original business attracting customers to choose their product (Easyjet)

9. Disruptive Technology
Growth by making it easier for organisations to use a product (eBay, Apple computer)
Disrupts processes, enabling other actions
Cloud adoption supports this theory – it is an enabler
E.g. Web 2.0 tools now open and transparent can be used by anyone

11. Adoption (Oliviera et al., 2014)
How are decisions made?
Who makes them?
Two theories commonly considered:
DoI (Diffusion of Innovation) theory
TOE (Technology – Organization - Environment) Framework
Oliveira, T., Thomas, M. and Espadanal, M., (2014). Assessing the determinants of cloud computing adoption: An analysis of the manufacturing and services sectors. Information & Management, 51(5),

12. Diffusion of Innovation
DOI proposes five attributes to explain how innovations are adopted:
relative advantage, better than before
compatibility, easy to assimilate in existing processes, practices, and value systems
complexity, how difficult it is to use
observability, how visible it is to others and
trialability, easy to try out, experiment with

13. Diffusion of Innovation
Innovation is a process of communication (Rogers, 2003) – which channels, what system?
Factors are:
individual (leadership attitude toward change),
internal organizational structure (centralization, complexity, interconnectedness, the number of employees, and organizational slack), and
external characteristics (system openness) of the organization

14. Diffusion of Innovation

15. TOE Framework
Three contexts: technology, organization, and environment
Technology - internal and external technology relevant to the organization and the technologies that are available for possible adoption.
Organization – characteristics (i.e., organizational structure, size, managerial structure, degree of centralization), resources (human and slack resources), and the process of communication (formal and informal) among employees
Environment comprises market elements, competitors, and regulations

16. TOE Framework (Oliveira et al, 2014)
Technology - technological readiness of the organisation
Organisational - top management support and organisation size
Environment - competitive pressure and regulatory support
Oliveira, T., Thomas, M. and Espadanal, M., (2014). Assessing the determinants of cloud computing adoption: An analysis of the manufacturing and services sectors. Information & Management, 51(5),

17. TOE Framework

18. Higher Education Study (Alharthi et al., 2015)
not easy to convince decision makers in higher education to shift from one pattern to another
users’ (academics and top management) perceptions and acceptance had an effect on adoption of Cloud Computing within institutions
Alharthi, A., Yahya, F., Walters, R.J. and Wills, G., An overview of cloud services adoption challenges in higher education institutions,

19. Higher Education (Alharthi et al., 2015)
Adoption model proposed
Alharthi, A., Yahya, F., Walters, R.J. and Wills, G., An overview of cloud services adoption challenges in higher education institutions,

20. Strategies needed
important to recognize the risks associated with these technologies
but should help “create a strategy that allows organizations to better manage and mitigate these risks” (Paquette et al., 2010, p 248) ….
Paquette, S., Jaeger, PT, Wilson and SC (2010), Identifying the security risks associated with governmental use of Cloud Computing. Government Information Quarterly,(27: 3), 245–25

21. What Policy Needs? What are the policy needs for education?
Take the survey:

23. What Policy Needs? What are the policy needs for education?
Take the survey:
Let’s discuss what recommendations we should make ….. at policy level for education

24. Karl Donert
@karldonert