1. The Atmosphere and Global Climate Change

2. Pre-test:
1. What is the greenhouse effect? Is it natural or human caused?
2. Did ozone depletion cause g.c.c?
3. Are humans influencing g.c.c?
4. What are some of the potential effects of g.c.c?

3. Review: Layers of the Atmosphere

4. What is the Greenhouse Effect?
Is it Naturally occurring or human induced?

5. The greenhouse effect is natural.
Most of the sun’s energy DOES NOT reach the Earth. (1-billionth of the total energy released by sun strikes our atmosphere)
What reaches the atm, 31% is reflected and 69% is absorbed
And it…
Drives the water cycle (hydrologic), carbon and others
Produces our climate
Powers photosynthesis

6. What is the Greenhouse Effect?

7. Poster Walk/Reading Number 1’s – Poster Walk
Number 2’s- Read pages
Together, answer questions 1-3.

8. What is the Greenhouse Effect?
Video: NASA Observatory

9. Review: Describe the greenhouse effect.
Is it a naturally occurring event?
What are some greenhouse gases?

10. What is ozone depletion?
Ozone layer- is in the stratosphere.
Job- to protect us from UV rays from the Sun
Why are UV rays bad?
Can cause DNA mutations
Cause skin cancers, cataracts in eyes, weakened immunity
UV rays inhibit photosynthesis

11. What happened to the ozone?
O3 molecules in the stratosphere can be depleted by CFC’s (chlorofluorocarbons)
Compounds such as halons from fire retardants, methyl bromide-a pesticide, methyl chloroform and CFC’s from Freon from aerosol cans, refrigerants and Styrofoam

12. Reaction in Atmosphere

13. Ozone depletion Thinning discovered by scientist in 1985
Increased thinning in Sept. due to polar vortexes, “ozone holes”
Solution: International problem because the atmosphere is a global common
Countries signed the Montreal Protocol to reduce, and then eliminate CFC’s, HCFC’s

14. Ozone depletion is a separate issue from global climate change!
O3 is being destroyed in the stratosphere by chlorine, fluorine and bromine
UV vs. infrared
But when we switched from CFC’s to HFC’s and HCFC’s, the substitutes are potent greenhouse gases
Getting better due to Montreal Protocol/Montreal Multilateral Fund

15. Video

16. Posters/Reading Number 1’s – Poster Walk
Number 2’s – Reading on pg
All together- review questions pg. 232

17. Review:
What is ozone?
What are the two types and where can they be found?
In the stratosphere, what is the ozone layers job?
What happened to the ozone layer and what is being done?

18. Global Climate Change

19. Overview Introduction to Climate Change Effects of Climate Change
Evidence and causes of Global Climate Change
Effects of Climate Change
Increase storms and intensity
Melting glaciers and less sea ice
Impacts on human health and wildlife
Effects on Agriculture/plant life
Ocean acidification
Precipitation pattern change

20. Climate Change Terminology
Greenhouse Gas
Gas that absorbs infrared radiation
Ex: Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, HCFC’s, tropospheric ozone, water vapor
Positive Feedback
Change in some condition triggers a response that intensifies the changed condition
Infrared Radiation
Radiation that has a wavelength that is longer than that of visible light, but shorter than that of radio waves
Greenhouse Effect
Increase of heat in a system where energy enters (often as light), is absorbed as heat, and released sometime later

21. Global Climate Change-Yes, it is Happening
Global Climate Change-Yes, it is Happening! Human impact from burning ancient carbon

22. Scientific Consensus

23. Review Chasing Ice

24. Misconceptions

25. Evidence
All three major global surface temperature reconstructions show that Earth has warmed since  Most of the warming occurred in the past 35 years, with 15 of the 16 warmest years on record occurring since The year 2015 was the first time the global average temperatures were 1 degree Celsius or more above the average.6 Even though the 2000s witnessed a solar output decline resulting in an unusually deep solar minimum in , surface temperatures continue to increase. .

26. The past three years….

27. Is it happening, Yes! The math

28. Introduction to Climate Change
Evidence for Climate Change
11 of the 12 years between 1995 and 2006 were among the twelve warmest years since the mid-1800s
Spring in N. hemisphere now comes 6 days earlier
Warming is not due to natural causes
Human produced greenhouse gases are most plausible explanation

29. Mean Annual Global Temperature 1960-2005

30. Causes of Climate Change
Increased concentration of CO2 (right)
Burning fossil fuels in cars, industry and homes
Deforestation
Burning of forests

31. Greenhouse gases CO2- fossil fuel burning, deforestation, tree burning
CH4- methane-unburned gas, anaerobic activity in landfills, intestines of cattle and man
NOx- nitrogen oxides, from burning and troposphere O3
CFC’s- trap heat and cause ozone depletion
Aerosols and suspended particles- actually cool atmosphere,

32. Causes of Climate Change
Greenhouse gas concentrations increasing

33. Bill Nye – Top 5 What you need to know

34. Climate Models Climate affected by:
winds, clouds, ocean currents, and albedo
Used to explore past climate events
Advanced models can project future warming events
Models are only as good as the data and law used to program them
They have limitations, thus need to look at evidence

35. Poster- 5 facts
Reading from text book pg
Answer questions on paper and get a teacher check.

36. Effects of Global Climate Change
Ocean as CO2 sink - excess CO2 is starting to harm ocean life

37. Effects of Global Climate Change- Melting Ice and Rising Sea Levels
Sea level rise caused in 2 ways
Thermal Expansion
Water expands as it warms
Melting of land ice
Retreat of glacier and thinning of ice at the poles
Melting has positive feedback
Increased melting decreases ice, which decreases albedo leading to further warming

38. Melting Ice and Rising Sea Levels
1957
1998

39. Philadelphia with rising sea levels

40. Case-In-Point Impacts in Fragile Areas
Eskimo Inuit live traditional life dictated by freezing climate
Climate change is altering their existence
Wildlife are smaller or displaced
Reduced snow cover and shorter river ice seasons
Thawing of permafrost (right)

41. Effects of Global Climate Change- Changing Precipitation Patterns
Some areas will get more water, some areas will have greater droughts
Ex: Hurricanes will likely get stronger

42. Effects of Global Climate Change- Effects on Organisms
Zooplankton in parts of California Current have decreased by 80% since 1951
Effecting entire food chain
Decline in krill around Antarctica
Caused decrease in penguin populations
Species have shifted their geographic range
Migrating birds are returning to summer homes earlier
Food is not available at this time

43. Birds Affected by Climate Change

44. Effects on Organisms - Coral Reefs
Coral reefs can be bleached (right) due to increase in water temperature
Affects coral symbionts and makes them more susceptible to diseases to which they would otherwise be immune

45. Effect on Organisms - Vegetation Beech Tree Range

46. Effects on Human Health
Increased number of heat-related illnesses and deaths

47. Effects on Agriculture
Difficult to anticipate
Productivity will increase in some areas and decrease in others
Rise in sea level will inundate flood plains and river valleys (lush farmland)
Effect on pests is unknown
Warmer temperatures will decrease soil moisture- requiring more irrigation
Location (i.e. elevation and altitude) where certain crops can be grown may have to change

48. International Implications of Climate Change
Developed vs. Developing countries
Differing self-interests
Differing ability to meet the challenges of climate change

49. Dealing with Global Climate Change
To avoid the worst of climate change, CO2 levels must be stabilized at 550ppm
50% higher than current levels
Two ways to attempt to manage climate change
Mitigation
Focuses on limiting greenhouse gas emissions to moderate global climate change
Adaptation
Focuses on learning to live with to the environmental changes and societal consequences brought about by global climate change

50. Dealing with Global Climate Change- Relationship Between Mitigation and Adaptation

51. Dealing with Global Climate Change- Mitigation
Locate/invent alternative fuels to fossil fuels
Increase efficiency of cars and trucks
Sequestering carbon before it is emitted
Plant and Maintain trees to naturally sequester carbon

52. Dealing with Global Climate Change- Adaptation
Rising sea levels and coastal populations
Move inland
Construct dikes and levees
Adapt to shifting agricultural zones
NYC sewer line

53. International Efforts to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emission
Kyoto Protocol-1992
Legally binding, 192 ratified except USA, Sudan, Afghanistan
Provides operational rules on reducing greenhouse gases to 1990 levels
Evolved, update is Paris Climate Change Agreement
Paris Climate Change Agreement-

54. Hot: Living through the next 50years on Earth Mark Hertsgaard