1. States of Consciousness
Awareness of ourselves and our environment
Much of what we process is outside of our conscious awareness

2. CIRCADIAN RHYTHM 24 (actually 25 hour) cycle Biological Rhythm
Morning Types/Evening Types
Explain: 2nd wind after all-nighter
Explain: Monday morning blues

3. Stages of Sleep Stage 1 (1st 5 minutes of sleep) Stage 2
The stage of transition between wakefulness and sleep that is characterized by relatively rapid, low-voltage brain waves (“hypnogogic” sensations)
Alpha waves
Stage 2
Characterized by a slower, more regular wave pattern and momentary interruptions of sharply pointed spiky waves called sleep spindles
Much of our knowledge of what happens during sleep comes from the electroencephalogram, or EEG, a measurement of electrical activity within the brain (see Chapter 2). When probes from an EEG machine are attached to the surface of a sleeping person’s scalp and face, it becomes clear that the brain is active throughout the night. It produces electrical discharges that form systematic, wavelike patterns that change in height (or amplitude) and speed (or frequency) in regular sequences. Instruments that measure muscle and eye movements also reveal a good deal of physical activity.
People progress through four distinct stages of sleep during a night’s rest, moving through the stages in cycles lasting about 90 minutes. Each of these four sleep stages is associated with a unique pattern of brain waves, as shown in Figure Moreover, there are specific biological indicators of dreaming.
When people first go to sleep, they move from a waking state in which they are relaxed with their eyes closed into stage 1 sleep, which is characterized by relatively rapid, low-voltage brain waves. This is actually a stage of transition between wakefulness and sleep. During stage 1 images sometimes appear, as if we were viewing still photos. However, true dreaming does not occur during the initial entry into this stage, although it does happen during subsequent periods of stage 1 sleep that occur later in the evening.
As sleep becomes deeper, people enter stage 2 sleep, which is characterized by a slower, more regular wave pattern. However, there are also momentary interruptions of sharply pointed, spiky waves called sleep spindles because of their configuration. It becomes increasingly difficult to awaken a person from stage 2 sleep, which makes up about half of the total sleep of those in their early twenties.

4. Stages of Sleep Stage 3 Stage 4
Brain waves become slower with an appearance of higher peaks and lower valleys in the wave pattern (delta waves)
Delta waves, or slow wave sleep
Stage 4
Deepest stage of sleep where people are least responsive to outside stimuli and the wave patterns are slower and more regular. (Sleep walking, bed wetting, night terrors)
As people drift into stage 3 sleep, the next stage of sleep, the brain waves become slower, with an appearance of higher peaks and lower valleys in the wave pattern. By the time sleepers arrive at stage 4 sleep, the pattern is even slower and more regular, and people are least responsive to outside stimulation.
stage 4 sleep is most likely to occur during the early part of the night. In the first half of the evening, our sleep is dominated by stages 3 and 4. The last half is characterized by lighter stages of sleep—as well as the phase of sleep during which dreams occur, as we discuss next (Dement & Wolpert, 1958). In addition to passing through regular transitions between stages of sleep, then, people tend to sleep less and less deeply over the course of the night.
After about an hour you ascend to stages 3 then 2 and then REM sleep.

5. Paradoxical Sleep
Body is more aroused than during Stage 1

6. Sleep Stages During a Night

8. We spend about 1/3 of our lives asleep!!

10. Treating the Rhythm of Sleep-Melatonin
Secreted in pineal gland
Darkness  Increase Melatonin
Light  Decrease Melatonin
Small Doses  Brings on sleep within 30 minutes, any time of day. Alters circadian rhythms and melatonin secretion
Helpful for  nightshift, jetlag, Insomnia-related diseases, aspirin/ibuprofen users
Long-term deficient sex hormones
NOT RECOMMENDED DURING PUBERTY

11. Insomnia 35-50% of Americans have trouble falling asleep
Why? Stress and Aging Population
Successful & Healthy Sleep Patterns-possible to do both?
Drug-dependent Insomnia-addiction/tolerance to sleep medications
Pseudo-Insomnia: ½ of those who claim insomnia actually get enough sleep

12. Sleep Terrors/Sleep Walking
Primarily in children
Occur in Stage 4 sleep
No known cause
Night Terror: blood-curdling scream
Go away with time

13. S.I.D.S Leading cause of death between 1 month and 1 year.
6,000-7,000 deaths per year in the United States
2-4 months most dangerous period
50% of infants have cold/infection prior to death

14. SLEEP APNEA Apnea-cessation of respiration
Potentially life-threatening
Central Sleep Apnea-brain stops telling diaphragm to move
Upper Sleep Apnea-breathing is blocked by loss of muscle tone in tongue, throat, and larynx
Mixed Sleep Apnea-combo special
Symptoms: snoring, high blood pressure, up to 500 apneas throughout the night
Possibly linked to SIDS
Treated with surgery, weight loss, c-pap machines

15. NARCOLEPSY Sleep Attack
Strange Cases: Scuba Diving, Fireman climbing a ladder of a burning home.
More common: During intercourse.
Common trigger: intense emotion associated with stress, laughter, anger, surprise.
Typically 5 min or less in length

16. DREAMS R.E.M.-identifying feature of dream state Common Dreams
Dream Theories (4)
Hypnogogic State (stage 1 sleep)
Remembering Dreams

17. Common Dreams Ordinary Events Often relate to everyday experiences
More frequently involve anxiety or misfortune than triumphant achievement
Dreams many of us experience: falling, being attacked, school, sex, being late, eating, being frozen with fright
Less common dreams: killing someone, seeing oneself as dead, failing a test, fire, being nude, being smothered
Cultural/Regional Influences on dreams

18. DREAM THEORIES Freudian Theory Information Processing / Memory
Physiological function
Activation-Synthesis
Manifest Content – remembered storyline
Fixing Memories
Stimulation and Preservation of Neural Pathways
Brain’s need to organize
Latent Content – underlying meaning
Problem Solving
Infants and REM-up to 8 hours/day
Hallucinations from stimulation of sensory cortex
Gratification of unconscious wishes
REM occurs at the same time as visual cortex activity
Meaning is imposed on sudden random changes
Amygdala is also active giving emotion to the random scene

19. Theories of Dreaming
Psychoanalytic: Dreams represent disguised symbols of repressed desires and anxieties.
Manifest content – what we remember
Latent content – underlying meaning
Biological: Dreams represent random activation of brain cells in order to stimulate and preserve neurological growth
Cognitive: Dreams help to sift and sort the events of the day.
Problem solving

20. The Function and Meaning of Dreaming
Dreams-for-survival theory
Dreams permit information that is critical for our daily survival to be reconsidered and reprocessed during sleep
According to the dreams-for-survival theory, dreams permit information that is critical for our daily survival to be reconsidered and reprocessed during sleep. Dreaming is seen as an inheritance from our animal ancestors, whose small brains were unable to sift sufficient information during waking hours. Consequently, dreaming provided a mechanism that permitted the processing of information twenty-four hours a day.
According to this theory, dreams represent concerns about our daily lives, illustrating our uncertainties, indecisions, ideas, and desires. Dreams are seen, then, as consistent with everyday living. Rather than being disguised wishes, as Freud suggested, they would represent key concerns growing out of our daily experiences (Pavlides & Winson, 1989; Winson, 1990).
Research supports the dreams-for-survival theory, suggesting that certain dreams permit people to focus on and consolidate memories, particularly dreams that pertain to “how-to-do-it” memories related to motor skills. For instance, in one experiment, participants learned a visual memory task late in the day. They were then sent to bed, but awakened at certain times during the night. When they were awakened at times that did not interrupt dreaming, their performance on the memory task typically improved the next day. But when they were awakened during Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep—the stage of sleep when people dream—their performance declined. The conclusion: Dreaming may play a role in helping us to remember material to which we have been previously exposed (Karni et al., 1992, 1994).

21. The Function and Meaning of Dreaming
Activation-synthesis theory
The brain produces random electrical energy that stimulates memories lodged in various portions of the brain which are put together to make a logical story line.
According to psychiatrist J. Allan Hobson, who proposed the activation-synthesis theory, the brain produces random electrical energy during REM sleep, possibly due to changes in the production of particular neurotransmitters. This electrical energy randomly stimulates memories lodged in various portions of the brain. Because we have a need to make sense of our world, even while asleep, the brain takes these chaotic memories and weaves them into a logical story line, filling in the gaps to produce a rational scenario (Hobson, 1996; Porte & Hobson, 1996).
Yet Hobson does not entirely reject the view that dreams reflect unconscious wishes. He suggests that the particular scenario that a dreamer produces is not just random but instead is a clue to the dreamer’s fears, emotions, and concerns. Hence, what starts out as a random process culminates in something meaningful.

22. Hypnogogic State
Hallucinations (sensory experiences) that occur in Stage 1
Vivid images
Falling and floating are common
Catching the hypnogogic state—the Dali Method Activity: Falling asleep with a book in your hand. When book falls record the content of your experience