1. BY: CHELSEA, ARIEL, CHANDLER, AND ERINN

2. SLEEP Sleep can produce a state of unconsciousness in which the mind and brain apparently turn off the functions that create experience.

3. SLEEP Altered State of consciousness: Forms of experience that depart from the normal subjective experience of the world and the mind. Such as, changes in thinking, disturbances in the sense of time, feeling of loss of control, changes in emotional expressions, and etc.

4. THE SLEEP CYCLE Sequence of events that occur during a night of sleep is part of one of the major rhythms of human life, the cycle of sleep and waking. The circadian rhythm is a naturally occurring 24- hour cycle of sleeping and waking.

5. THE SLEEP CYCLE The sleep cycle is far more than a simple on/off routine, there are five sleep stages. Stage 1 sleep Stage 2 sleep Stage 3/ Stage 4 sleep REM Sleep

6. EGG PATTERNS DURING THE STAGES OF SLEEP Stage 1: the EEG moves frequency patterns even lower than alpha wave (Theta Waves) Stage 2: the patterns are interrupted by short bursts of activity called sleep spindles, this makes it difficult to wake the sleeper up.

7. EEG PATTERNS DURING THE STAGES OF SLEEP Deepest Stages Stage 3 and 4: known as a slow- wave sleep EEG patterns show activity called Delta waves REM Sleep Stage 5: stage of sleep characterized as rapid eye movements and a high level of brain activity. The patterns become high frequency sawtooth waves – sugggesting that the mind at this time is as active as it is during waking.

8. PICTURE 5.7

9. STAGES OF SLEEP DURING THE NIGHT Throughout the typical night, sleep cycles into deeper stages early on and then more shallow stages later. Rem periods become longer in the later cycles.

10. PICTURE 5.8

11. SLEEP NEEDS AND DEPRIVATION The average adult should get 7 – 7 ½ hours of sleep every night. The older you get the less sleep you need For example: grandparents/ older people wake up super early Sleep following learning is essential for memory consolidation A few hours of sleep deprivation each night can cause detrimental effects as in reducing mental acuity and reaction time, increasing irritability and depression, and increasing the risk of accidents and injury. Without REM sleep memory problems and aggression arise.

12. SLEEP DISORDERS The most common sleep disorder is Insomnia which is difficulty in falling asleep or staying asleep Causes: anxiety associated with stressful life events, and etc. Insomnia may be the sign of other emotional difficulties

13. INSOMNIA Comic Picture: “I can’t sleep. I think I’ll get up and solve all my problems.” Page 145

14. SLEEP DISORDERS Sleep Apnea: a disorder in which the person stops breathing for brief periods while asleep. Symptoms: Snoring- as apnea involves an involuntary obstruction of the breathing passage. Usually occurs in middle-aged overweight men Treatments: weight loss, medication, and external breathing aids

15. SLEEP DISORDERS Another sleep disorder is Somnambulism Commonly called sleepwalking This occurs when the person arises and walks around while sleeping More common in children, peaking around the age 11 or 12 Happens early during the night, during slow wave sleep 25% of children experience at least one episode

16. SLEEP DISORDERS Narcolepsy which is less common A disorder in which sudden sleep attacks occur in the middle of waking activities This disorder appears to have a genetic basis Runs in the family Treated with medication

17. SLEEP DISORDERS Less common Sleep Paralysis which is waking up unable to move, sometimes associated with Narcolepsy. Night Terrors which are abrupt awakenings with panic and intense emotional arousal. This mainly happens to boys ages 3-7 Happens early in the sleep cycle

18. DREAMING “Dreaming permits each and everyone of us to be quietly and safely insane every night of our lives.” -William C. Dement

19. DREAMS Comic Picture: “Frank! Frank, honey, wake up! Your lamp- it’s humongous!” page 146

20. DREAMS During dreams current conscious concerns pop up, along with images from the recent past. The content of dreams takes snapshots of the day rather than retelling the stories of what you have done or seen.

21. DREAM THEORIES Sigmund Freud's theories: dreams represent wishes, and some of these wishes are so unacceptable taboo, and anxiety producing that the mind can only produce them in disguising form. there's evidence that dreams do feature the return of suppressed thoughts

22. ACTIVATION-SYNTHESIS MODEL This theory proposes that dreams are produced when the mind attempts to make sense of random neural activity that occurs in the brain during sleep.

23. ACTIVATION- SYNTHESIS MODEL During waking consciousness The mind is devoted to interpreting lots of information that arrives through the senses. Dream state The mind doesn’t have access to external sensations but it keeps on doing what it usually does- Interpreting information

24. DREAMING In Freud’s theory, Dreams begin with meaning, where as in the activation- synthesis theory, dreams begin randomly, but meaning can be added as the mind lends interpretations in the process of dreaming.

25. THE DREAMING BRAIN Studies show Certain brain areas show changes in brain activation during REM sleep and that these changes correspond clearly with certain alterations of consciousness that occur in dreaming.

26. THE DREAMING BRAIN The brain areas are responsible for fear or emotion somehow work overtime in dreams Which is clearly visible in fMRI scans Amygdala: Is involved in responses to threating or stressful events, and indeed the amygdala is quite active during Rem sleep.

27. THE DREAM BRAIN During Rem sleep, the motor cortex is activated, but spinal neurons running through the brain stem inhibit the expression of this motor activation.

28. THE DREAM BRAIN Red Shading: areas activated in REM sleep Blue Shading: areas deactivated in REM sleep Picture 5.9

29. TRIVIA QUESTIONS??? What’s the 5 th stage of the sleeping cycle? Describe Freud’s dream theory?