1. RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION(RFID)
Features and Functionality of RFID
by:-
VIBHU SINGH

2. What is RFID?
RFID is a technology that uses radio-frequency waves to transfer data between a reader and a movable item to identify, categorize, track...
RFID is fast, reliable, and does not require physical sight or contact between reader/scanner and the tagged item

3. What is RFID?
RF signals transmitted by the antenna activates the tag, which transmits data back to the antenna.
Tag is powered by EM waves emitted by the tag.
Various frequencies are used depending on the application
Requires no line-of-sight (like bar-codes) 3

4. What Constitutes an RFID System?
One or more RF tags
Two or more antennas
One or more interrogators
One or more host computers
Appropriate software

5. (Communicates with the RFID Reader)
Components of an RFID System
Host Computer
Host Memory Space
Antenna
Customer-Specific
Application Software
Application
Program
Interface
(API)
Application
Program
Interface
(API)
RFID API Software
(Communicates with the RFID Reader)
Reader

6. RFID System Components (block diagram)
Reader
Antenna
Asset/Tag
Asset
Firmware
Tag
Insert
TCP/IP ~
To help you understand how tightly integrated RFID applications are to the customer’s environment, we have prepared an analysis of each system component, describing the component and environmental properties and considerations.
Host
Power
Application
Software
identification
Customer’s
API

7. Antenna (RFID Tag Antenna)
The antenna in an RFID tag is a conductive element that permits the tag to exchange
data with the reader. Passive RFID tags make use of a coiled antenna that can create a magnetic field using the energy provided by the reader carrier signal.

8. Application Program Interface APPLICATIONRESPONSES
INTERROGATOR
RF TAG
Tag Physical Memory
Decoder
AIR
INTERFACE
Logical Memory Map
Encoder
DEVICE COMMANDS
Tag Driver
and
Mapping Rules
COMMANDS
APPLICATIONCOMMANDS
Command /
Response
Unit
Application Program Interface
APPLICATIONRESPONSES
RESPONSES
DEVICE RESPONSES
Logical Memory
Note: The Logical Memory Map in the Tag Physical Memory is given by the Tag architecture and the mapping rules in the Tag Driver. All the information in the Logical Memory is represented in the Logical Memory Map
DATA PROTOCOL PROCESSOR
PHYSICAL
INTERROGATOR

9. RFID Operation Sequence of Communication
Host Manages Reader(s) and Issues Commands
Reader and tag communicate via RF signal
Carrier signal generated by the reader (upon request from the host application)
Carrier signal sent out through the antennas
Carrier signal hits tag(s)
Tag receives and modifies carrier signal
Antennas receive the modulated signal and send them to the Reader
Reader decodes the data
Results returned to the host application
NOTE: Bullet 5 - Tag is NOT actually generating and transmitting a signal. The Tag modifies the signal and sends it back to the reader.
Intermec tags are “passive tags” because they are NOT generating and transmitting their own signal.

10. RFID Operations

11. What is RFID? -- The Tags Tags can be read-only or read-write
Tag memory can be factory or field programmed, partitionable, and optionally permanently locked
Bytes left unlocked can be rewritten over more than 100,000 times

12. What is RFID? -- The Tags Tags can be attached to almost anything:
pallets or cases of product
vehicles
company assets or personnel
items such as apparel, luggage, laundry
people, livestock, or pets
high value electronics such as computers, TVs.

13. Are All Tags The Same? Basic Types: Tag transmits radio signal
Active
Tag transmits radio signal
Battery powered memory, radio & circuitry
High Read Range (300 feet)
Passive
Tag reflects radio signal from reader
Reader powered
Shorter Read Range (4 inches - 15 feet)

14. Are All Tags The Same? Memory Frequency Physical Dimensions
Variations:
Memory
Size (16 bits kBytes +)
Read-Only, Read/Write or WORM
Ability to read/write one or many tags at a time
Frequency
125KHz GHz
Physical Dimensions
Thumbnail to Brick sizes
Price ($0.50 to $250)

15. chipless RFID
A chipless RFID tag (also known as RF fibers) is one that does not make use of any integrated circuit technology to store information. The tag uses fibers or materials that reflect a portion of the reader's signal back; the unique return signal can be used as an identifier.
The fibers are shaped in different ways; thin threads, fine wires or even labels or laminates. At volume, they range in cost from ten cents to twenty-five cents per unit.
Chipless RFID tags can be used in many different environments than RFID tags with electronic circuitry. They tend to work over a wider temperature range; these tags also are less sensitive to RF interference.

16. error correcting code
When product data is placed on an RFID tag, a special piece of data called an error correcting code is created based on the product data using a known algorithm. The algorithm (or rule) used to create the correcting code is called the error correcting protocol. When the tag is activated and read, the reader pulls out the product data as well as the ECC.
The reader uses the error correcting protocol on the product data, and compares the result to the ECC. If they match, the reader knows that the data has been read correctly. Similar methods are used in most data transfer systems to ensure the correctness of each data packet as it moves from one part of the system to another.
A reader that performs this check automatically is said to be in error correcting mode.

17. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
Applications

18. RFID Applications Tracking Books in Libraries Inventory Tracking
Walmart required it of their top 100 vendors
Authorized building access (Prox Cards)
Passports (recently in US)

19. Portal Applications
Material Tracking

20. RFID Applications For toll booths (or any “pay for entry” system)
Airport Baggage ID
Car keys, wireless entry
Animals
Hospital Patients

21. Portal Applications Electronic receipt & dispatch
Wrong destination alert
Electronic marking
Pallet/container item tracking

22. Application Examples Material Handling Wireless / Batch By Destination
Inventory Management
Material Handling
By Destination
Where is it going? Where has it been?
Should it be here?
Where is it? What is it?
What is inside the box?
Material Handling
Aggregate / De-aggregate
Material Handling
Inspecting / Maintaining
Has this been repaired?
Is this under warrantee?
Has this been inspected?
Is this complete?
What is the asset’s status or state?
What have I assembled or disassembled?
How many do I have? Do I have enough?

23. Intelligent Labels

24. SMART CARD Vs RFID…..
Contactless smart cards are a very different technology from RFID tags.  Both are wireless, meaning they can communicate using radio like a cell phone, but contactless smart cards are far more advanced and secure.
Contactless smart cards have small but sophisticated computers inside them.  They deliver the highest levels of computer security to protect your identity, privacy or financial information.  Contactless smart card technology is suitable for uses such as identity credentials, passports and payment cards.
RFID (Radio Frequency IDentification) tags and labels are used mostly in manufacturing, shipping and object-related tracking.  They have minimal built-in support for security and privacy.  WalMart and others have been working to use RFID tags to replace bar codes on store-bought items to scan purchases and track inventory.
Another important difference is how far away someone can read the cards or tags.  Contactless smart card technology has a very limited read range of four inches or less to prevent tracking.  You can read RFID tags from much further away, however, up to thirty feet.  This RFID feature lets you find items in a warehouse or identify railcars as they pass by, typical uses of RFID.

25. RFID Shortfalls Cost UHF signals problematic near metal and water
Transceiver ~ $1000
RFID Tags $0.20 each
Not competitive with cost of barcode
UHF signals problematic near metal and water
Reader Collisions
Can be overcome using TDMA
Tag Collisions
Required some engineering of tag transmit timing
Security Concerns 25

26. Standard RFID Operating Frequencies
ISO
<135 KHz
ISO
13.56 MHZ
ISO
2.45 GHz
ISO
MHz
ISO
433 MHZ (active)

27. Standard RFID Operating Frequencies
ISO ~ 135 kHz
ISO ~ MHz
ISO ~ MHz
ISO ~ 2.45 GHz
ISO ~ 433 MHz

28. ISO 18000-2 Operates at >135 KHz Inductive
Unaffected by presence of water
Short range (a few centimeters)
Fairly costly because of coil in tAG

29. ISO 18000-3 Operates at 13.56 MHz Inductive Lower cost ~ 35 cents
Thin flexible form factor ( smart label )
Read / write capable
Unaffected by water (but has to be tuned to item)
Mid range, 70 – 125 cms

30. ISO
Operates at 2.45 GHz
Affected by water (signal absorbed…microwave)
Read / write capable
Moderate cost
Small antenna

31. ISO 18000-6 A/B Operates between 860 – 960 MHz Propagating
Long range 2-5 meters
Low cost
High data rates
Read / write capable
Relatively large antenna
The future for mass application RFID

32. ISO 18000-7 Operates at 433 MHz Active Long range - many meters
High cost
High data rates
Read / write capable

33. ???

34. Thank You!