1. Lesson Four
Inaugural Address
J. F. Kennedy

2. Teaching Contents The characteristics of a political speech
J.F. Kennedy
Organizational pattern
Detailed study of the text
Language features

3. the purpose of a political speech
to persuade
to explain
to convince people

4. Characteristics: 1. The order is clear. 2. The tone is appropriate.
3. The style is rigid.
4. The language is rhetorical.

5. General analysis of a political speech
1. successful appeal to the emotion of the audience
2. high-sounding words
3. The speech must be concise and short

6. General analysis of a political speech
4. clever-choice of words
5. the use of biblical style
6. the use of a lot of rhetorical devices

7. John F. Kennedy
-35th President of U.S.

8. The official White House portrait of John F.Kennedy
Personal details
Born :May 29, 1917
Died :November 22, 1963
Political party: Democratic Party
In office: 20,1961-November
22,1963
The official White House portrait of John F.Kennedy

9. John Fitzgerald Kennedy
"Profiles in Courage"《勇敢者传略》------a Pulitzer prize.
representative in the congress
elected to the senate
1960 the Democratic nomination for president and defeated Richard M. Nixon, Republican

10. John Fitzgerald Kennedy
Kennedy family --- fully engaged in politics
Joseph Patrick Kennedy ( ) US ambassador to Britain

11. Joseph Patrick Kennedy
shipbuilding
investment banking
motion-picture distribution
a millionaire at 30 years old

12. John Fitzgerald Kennedy
1. 35th President of the U.S.( )
2. a democrat, an eloquent speaker
3. the youngest man ever elected to the presidency
4. inherited a background of politics ，wealth and determination
5. a Catholic

13. John Fitzgerald Kennedy
1. He demanded on Oct that the Soviet Union dismantle its missile bases in Cuba.
2. He established a quarantine of arms shipments to Cuba and continued surveillance by air.

14. 3. He defied Soviet attempts to force the Allies out of Berlin.
4. He made the steel industry rescind a price rise.

15. An ABC News poll about presidential greatness, taken 16–20 February 2000, asked 1,012 adults in the US, "Who do you think was the greatest American president?"
Abraham Lincoln (19%)
John F. Kennedy (17%)
Franklin Roosevelt (11%)
No opinion (10%)
Ronald Reagan (9%)
George Washington (8%)
Bill Clinton (7%)
Theodore Roosevelt (4%) George H.W. Bush (4%) Thomas Jefferson (3%) Harry Truman (2%) Richard Nixon (2%) Jimmy Carter (1%) Dwight Eisenhower (1%)

16. President Kennedy’s
legislative program to
provide medical care
for the elderly….
To rebuild blighted
urban areas….

17. To aid education….
To bolster the national
defense….

18. To increase
international aid….
To expand the space
program.

19. contributions: 1> civil rights 2> a mental health program
He supported:
1> civil rights
2> a mental health program
3> arbitration of railroad disputes

20. Strange coincidences between President Lincoln and President Kennedy
Abraham Lincoln was elected to Congress in 1846.
John F. Kennedy was elected to Congress in 1946.
Abraham Lincoln was elected President in 1860.
John F. Kennedy was elected President in 1960.

21. Lincoln and Kennedy
The names Lincoln and Kennedy each contain seven letters.
Both were particularly concerned with civil rights.
Both wives lost their children while living in the White House.
Both were shot on a Friday.
Both were shot in the head.

24. Lincoln and Kennedy
Lincoln's secretary was named Kennedy.
Kennedy's secretary was named Lincoln.
Both were assassinated by Southerners.
Both were succeeded by Southerners.
Both successors were named Johnson.

25. Lincoln and Kennedy
Andrew Johnson, who succeeded Lincoln, was born in 1808.
Lyndon Johnson, who succeeded Kennedy, was born in 1908.
John Wilkes Booth, accused of assassinating Lincoln, was born in 1839.
Lee Harvey Oswald, accused of assassinating Kennedy, was born in 1939.

26. Lincoln and Kennedy
Booth ran from the theatre and was caught in a warehouse.
Oswald ran from a warehouse and was caught in a theatre.
Booth and Oswald were both assassinated before their trials.

27. Inauguration Day
“ to preserve, protect and defend the constitution of U.S.”
“united and effective
government.”
---George Washington

28. Inaugural Address
“ a divided nation to uphold the basic principle of democracy”
----Thomas Jefferson
“ the only thing we have to fear is fear itself”
---- F.D. Roosevelt

29. We shall pay any price, bear any burden.
…but a call to bear the burden of a long twilight struggle
And so my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you ; ask what you can do for your country.
----J.F. Kennedy

30. The social background
In what period in history did Kennedy become president?
in 1960's

31. 1) socialist camp -- headed by the Soviet Union
2) capitalist camp -- headed by the US

32. The message
U.S. is prepared to pay price to defend human rights and the liberty and independence of free nations
These nations should support and accept the leadership of U.S.

33. There is veiled threat, warning and advice to the enemy camp.
These nations should negotiate and cooperate.

34. Organizational Pattern
Sect.1. (1-5 )
Introduction ---the general statement of the basic policy of the US

35. Organizational Pattern
Sect.2 (6-10)
He addresses different groups of allied nations and would-be allied nations

36. Organizational Pattern
American’s specific policy towards ---
1. the allies
2. the newly independent countries
3. the developing countries
4. Latin American countries
5. the UN

37. Organizational Pattern
Sect.3 (11-20)
specific policy toward the enemy

38. Organizational Pattern
Sect 4 (21-27)----to his countrymen and people of the world
He calls on the Americans to support him and to sacrifice their lives for their country.
He calls on the people of the whole world to unite and work for the freedom of men.

39. Detailed study of the text:
opening paragraph
importance / significance of his election as president of the US

40. “We observe today not a victory of party but a celebration of freedom, symbolizing an end as well as a beginning, signifying renewal as well as change.”

41. antithesis: end -- the end of Eisenhower's presidential term
beginning -- the beginning of Kennedy’s presidential term
renewal ---- the continuing of presidency and office of president
change -- the change from Eisenhower to Kennedy

42. “For I have sworn before you and Almighty God the same solemn oath our forebears prescribed nearly a century and three-quarters ago.”
--- ( grave ) very serious
a solemn dedication to the cause of freedom

43. Para.2 topic sentence --- “The world is very different.”
the general situation of the world
topic sentence --- “The world is very different.”
In what way is the world different?

44. For man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish…
---of man( as a being who must eventually die)
---the power of science and technology
Science can be used to get rid of poverty.
Science can be used to destroy all human beings.

45. And yet the same revolutionary belief for which our forebears fought is still at issue around the globe,
----human rights
All men were created equal and God had given them certain unalienable rights which no state or ruler could take away from them.

46. The point at issue is whether you are willing to go abroad or not .
---still to be decided , in dispute
The point at issue is whether you are willing to go abroad or not .
That is not the point at issue.

47. 讨论这个问题时，我们应该抓住分歧点。 她的能力毫无争议，我担心的是她的人品。
Her ability is not at issue —it's her character I'm worried about.
你提的反对意见与问题的实质无关。
Your objections do not touch the point at issue.
讨论这个问题时，我们应该抓住分歧点。
In discussing this problem, we ought to keep to the point at issue.

48. Our ancestors fought a revolutionary war to maintain that all men were created equal and God had given them certain unalienable rights which no state or ruler could take away from them. But today this issue has not yet been decided in many countries around the world.

49. the belief that the rights of man come not from the generosity of the state but from the hand of God.
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.

50. What belief is still at issue around the globe?
Do you agree with Kennedy?
---American version of human right

51. Para.3
general policy of the US
human rights

52. “Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans, born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancient heritage, and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of these human rights to which this nation has always been committed, and to which we are committed today at home and around the world.”

53. “torch”—(metaphor)
inspirations and ideals
--responsibility of keeping human rights

54. Para.4
strong determination

55. survival and the success of liberty
the survival and the success of the so-called "free democratic countries
the newly independent third world countries

56. Whom does Kennedy consider as friends and whom as foes?
1) the old allies of the U.S
2) the countries in South America
3) many developing countries in Asia and Africa that rely on U.S. aid

57. those developing countries preparing to take the socialist road
foes
all socialist countries
those developing countries preparing to take the socialist road

58. This much we pledge---and more.
This much we promise to do and we promise to do more.

59. Para. 6
“To those old allies whose cultural and spiritual origins we share, we pledge the loyalty of faithful friends.”
---countries that America has a treaty or an agreement to help and support , esp. during a war.

60. cultural and spiritual origins ---
---Greek, Roman and Nordic mythology, literature, art, music, etc.
1). speak the same language /belong to the same language family
2). have the same religious belief

61. United, there is little we cannot do in a host of co-operative ventures.
United and working together we can accomplish a lot of things in a great number of joint undertakings.

62. ----a strong threat posed by the socialist camp
Divided, there is little we can do, for we dare not meet a powerful challenge at odds and split asunder.
----a strong threat posed by the socialist camp
----in disagreement, quarreling
----split apart, disunited

63. antithesis -- --- the importance of unity
united----divided
little we can not do----little we can do
--- the importance of unity

64. At odds 她与她的老板不和。 She is at odds with her boss. 这一行动与他以往的态度大相径庭。
This action is greatly at odds with his previous attitude.
The background music to this film is completely at odds with the storyline.
这部电影的配乐与剧情风马牛不相及.

65. Para. 7
Whom did he address?
--- some newly independent countries

66. Many newly independent countries in Africa are:
The Republic of Central Africa
The People’s republic of the Congo
The Gabon Republic (加蓬)
The Republic of Ghana (加纳)
The Republic of Chad (乍得)
The Republic of Dahowmey 达荷美 (西非)

67. “To those new states whom we welcome to the ranks of the free, we pledge our word that one form of colonial control shall not have passed away merely to be replaced by a far more iron tyranny.”
--- the community of free and independent nations
---a communist dictatorship

68. "seeking the aid of socialist countries"
those who foolishly sought power by riding the back of the tiger ended up inside. (metaphor)
"seeking the aid of socialist countries"
--- "riding the back of the tiger”

69. Para 8 Whom did he address? ---the developing countries
“ To those peoples in the huts and villages of half the globe struggling to break the bonds of mass misery,”

70. bonds -- chains, fetters (pl)
1). chains, ropes that are used to tie down a prisoner
2). (fig) a feeling, duty or custom that forces you to behave in a particular way

71. “we pledge our best efforts to help them help themselves, for whatever period is required, not because the Communists may be doing it, not because we seek their votes, but because it is right.”
---we will help them only if they also do their bit.
Why does Kennedy want to help them?

72. poor---rich many--- few
If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich. (antithesis)
many--- few
poor---rich

73. ---to Latin American countries
Para. 9
---to Latin American countries

74. To our sister republics south of our border, we offer a special pledge:
--- equal relationship, one family, mutual good relations

75. a new alliance for progress……
--- to work together once again as allies to promote progress in this hemisphere

76. But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers. (metaphor)
peaceful revolution of hope----an animal which might fall victim to enemy nations
We will not allow any enemy country to subvert this peaceful revolution which brings hope of progress to all our countries.

77. “Let all our neighbors know that we shall join with them to oppose aggression or subversion anywhere in the Americas. And let every other power know that this hemisphere intends to remain the master of its own house.” (metaphor)
Americas----a house

79. Monroe Doctrine
The European countries ought not to start any new colonies in North or South America
The European countries ought not to interfere with the newly-established South American republics
The U.S. ought not to interfere in the affairs of European countries

80. Para. 9 What is his stated policy towards Latin America?
1). to offer special pledge
2). to warn the enemies

81. Para. 10
“our last best hope in an age where the instruments of war have far outpaced the instruments of peace,”
---weapons, bombs, machines, for waging war
---tools, machines, for production of useful commodities

82. U.N is our last and best hope of survival in an age where the instruments of war have far surpassed and exceeded the instruments of peace.

83. to strengthen its shield of the new and the weak (metaphor)
the power of U.N to protect -----a shield

84. and to enlarge the area in which its writ may run.
---territory, number of countries or fields of activity
---U.N charter
We pledge to help U.N to enlarge the area in which its authority and mandate would continue to be in effect or in force

85. Para.10---to the United Nations
1) to prevent the UN from becoming an assembly where people just criticize, insult and abuse each other
2) to strengthen the power of UN to protect the newly independent and weak nations
3) to enlarge the area in which its authority would continue to be in effect

86. Para.11 ---to the enemies, especially the Soviet Union.
“Finally, to those nations who would make themselves our adversary, we offer not a pledge but a request:”

87. “before the dark powers of destruction unleashed by science engulf all humanity in planned or accidental self-destruction.”
----before the terrible forces of destruction, which may be planned or brought about by an accident , takes place

88. Para.11
point out danger---
Advanced weapons will destroy the whole mankind whether intentionally or accidentally

89. Sum up the policy Kennedy intends to pursue towards those nations whom he considers to be “ our adversary.”

90. We dare not tempt them with weakness.
-- attract
The warm sun tempted us to go swimming.
a tempting meal

91. point out needs / situation
Para 13
point out needs / situation

92. ----restrains people or nations ( from launching a world war)
yet both racing to alter that uncertain balance of terror that stays the hand of mankind's final war. (synecdoche)
----a balance of terrible military power (the power to destroy each other and mankind)
----restrains people or nations ( from launching a world war)
----a third world war

93. Yet both groups of nations are trying to change as quickly as possible this uncertain balance of terrible military power which restrains / prevent each group from launching the Third World War ( mankind’s final war).

94. Para.14-18
---point out co-operation / different proposals
---try to find out specific field in which both sides can agree with each other

95. let us begin anew, remembering on both sides that civility is not a sign of weakness….
So let us start once again ( to discuss and negotiate) and let us remember that being polite is not a sign of weakness.

96. sincerity is always subject to proof .
---depending on
价格以我方最后确认为准。
The price is subject to our final confirmation.
所有外国朋友都应服从我们国家法律。
All the foreigners are subject to the law of our country.   

97. Wenchuan and Qingchuan counties in Sichuan province are subject to earthquakes as they are located on Longmenshan Earthquake Zone.
Rates of Exchange is often subject to fluctuation.
Your payment is subject to following alteration：20% discount for the total value.  

98. ----set upon with too much talk or advice
Let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of belaboring those problems which divide us.
----set upon with too much talk or advice
There is no need to belabor the point.

99. unite--------------divide
antithesis
explore belabor
unite divide

100. formulate -- work out We had formulated our own strategy.
Both sides have the need to formulate a policy that will promote rather than hinder peace.

101. inspection of arms --
examining/ watching over carefully the limitation of arms

102. ---the control and limitation of nuclear weapons
---international inspection of the production and deployment of nuclear weapons

103. Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science instead of its terrors.
Let both sides try to use science to produce good and beneficial things for man instead of employing it to bring frightful destruction.

104. tap the ocean depths
--- make use of the wealth that lies deep in the oceans

105. She didn't heed my warnings.
‘Let both sides unite to heed in all corners of the earth the command of Isaiah to "undo the heavy burdens...(and) let the oppressed go free".’ ---give attention to
She didn't heed my warnings.

106. What are the specific proposals?
1. control arms
2. use /develop science for peace purpose instead of the war purpose.
explore the stars
conquer the desert
eradicate disease
tap the ocean depths
encourage the art and commerce
3. defend human rights

107. deep and wide spread (of suspicion) ---jungle
And if a beachhead of co-operation may push back the jungle of suspicion, (metaphor)
a small beginning ( of cooperation) ---beachhead
deep and wide spread (of suspicion) ---jungle

108. “let both sides join in creating a new endeavor, not a new balance of power, but a new world of law, where the strong are just and the weak secure and the peace preserved.”
----a new earnest attempt or effort
---- both sides racing to arm themselves with more and more sophisticated weapons so that each would not fall behind the other

109. Para. 19 ---point out purpose, object
We must work together to make a new world order.

110. All this will not be finished in the first one hundred days
----the first hundred days of Franklin D Roosevelt’s presidency.

111. one hundred days Bills: “Banking Act“
‘’ National Industrial Recovery Act"
"Agricultural Adjustment Act"

112. Para.11-20 To enemy— danger need/situation
cooperation/ different proposal
purpose/ object

113. “In your hands, my fellow citizens, more than mine, will rest the final success or failure of our course.”

114. “each generation of Americans has been summoned to give testimony to its national loyalty.”
Americans of every generation have been called upon to prove their loyalty to their country (by fighting and dying for their country’s cause).

115. but a call to bear the burden of a long twilight struggle, year in and year out,
---an unclear and dubious struggle but which might become more forbidding and dangerous with the passage of time

116. “rejoicing in hope, patient in tribulation”
to be happy when things look bright and hopeful
to be patient in distress/ in trouble

117. Para.21-22
past
present

118. What is his message to his fellow citizens?
---to support him and make new sacrifices, to do what the country calls on them to do
---to defend freedom, to fight against tyranny, poverty, disease, and war

119. “The energy, the faith, the devotion which we bring to this endeavor will light our country and all who serve it, and the glow from that fire can truly light the world.” (metaphor)
energy, faith, devotion of the American people---fire that will light U.S and the world

120. para. 24
---to emphasize the situation and responsibility

121. And so, my fellow Americans ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.
---antithesis

122. ask of us here the same high standards of strength and sacrifice which we ask of you.
ask of = inquire of (formal)
---the president of U.S and the members of his cabinet
---people of America and the world

123. para 27 conclusion
With God's blessing and help, let us start leading the country we love, knowing that on earth we must do what God wants us to do. Let history finally judge whether we have done our task well or not ,but our sure reward will be a good conscience for we will have worked sincerely and the best of our ability.

124. Language features 1. highly rhetorical
2. invoking the name of God, the use of biblical style
3. the use of abstract words:
faith, devotion, freedom, liberty, courage, loyalty, belief

125. Language features explore, conquer, dare
4. the use of heroic-sounding verbs
explore, conquer, dare
5. more repetition in the structure of paragraphs

126. Presidential inaugural address
In most cases, the new president will---
articulate his fundamental political principles
particular political policies for the next four years

127. Some presidents will also---
address the national crises and world situations at the moment
The addresses---
set the objective of the new administration and promise a bright future to the public

128. Move structure 1. Salutation
2.The announcement of commencement of a new administration
3.The expression of gratitude and responsibility
4.The invocation of God for guidance
5.Plea for support

129. 6. Pledges   
7.A review of the American history and some great men in history
8.The achievement America has got in the past
9.The exaltation of American people and its political institutions
10.Comments on the contemporary situation
11.The American traditions: freedom and democracy

130. 12.Current problems
13.Domestic policies of the new administration
14.Foreign policies of the new administration
15.Hopes for the country
16.The appeals to the audience
17.Supplication for divine blessings

131. Move I Salutation
Move II Announcing entering upon office
Move III Verbalizing sentiments on the occasion
Step 1 expressing gratitude and/or
Step2 expressing responsibility as president
Step 3 showing humility

132. Move IV Making pledges
Move V Arousing patriotism in citizens by
Step 1 reviewing the American history (and /or)
Step 2 reflecting upon the great men in history (and/or)
Step 3 reviewing the achievements that America has got (and / or)
Step 4 exalting American people and its political institutions

133. Step 1 introducing the content of the address and/or
Move VI Setting forth political principles to guide the new administration by
Step 1 introducing the content of the address and/or
Step 2 pointing out problems and/or
Step3 commenting upon the situations and/or
Step 4 reviewing the last administration and/or
Step5 cherishing the American traditions

134. Step 1 for support, aids and assistance
Move VII Appealing to the audience
Step 1 for support, aids and assistance
Step 2 for sacrifice and dedication to the country (and/or)
Step 3 for unity (and/or )
Step 4 for fulfillment of the duty as citizens
Move VIII Resorting to religious power by
Step 1 invoking God for guidance (and/or)
Step 2 supplication divine blessings

135. The message
U.S. is prepared to pay price to defend human rights and the liberty and independence of free nations
These nations should support and accept the leadership of U.S.

136. There is veiled threat, warning and advice to the enemy camp.
These nations should negotiate and cooperate.

137. J F Kennedy’s presidential inaugural address is structured in certain move steps. Please outline those move steps. Explain how the president uses language to achieve pathos, logos and ethos effectively.

138. Vice President Johnson, Mr. Speaker, Mr
Vice President Johnson, Mr. Speaker, Mr. Chief Justice, President Eisenhower, Vice President Nixon, President Truman, reverend clergy, fellow citizens, we observe today not a victory of party, ……

139. Para1-5 is a general statement of basic policy goals
Para1-5 is a general statement of basic policy goals. It contains moves:
salutation
announcing entering office
verbalizing sentiments on the occasion
resorting to God,setting forth principles by exalting American value
reviewing American tradition

140. In 11-19 he speaks to his enemy commenting on the situation
In Para he addresses different groups of allied nations or would-be allies.
(Pledges)
In he speaks to his enemy
commenting on the situation
pointing out problem
appealing for cooperation

141. Finally he appeals to his countrymen for support and sacrifice

142. The use of language in Kennedy’s inaugural address
1.using language vividly: imagery( concrete words, simile, metaphor), rhythm( parallelism, repetition, alliteration, antithesis, chiasmus交错配列法etc..).
2.using language appropriately: appropriateness to the occasion, to the audience, to the topic and to the speaker.

143. chiasmus
In rhetoric, a verbal pattern (a type of antithesis) in which the second half of an expression is balanced against the first with the parts reversed.

144. "You forget what you want to remember, and
a b
you remember what you want to forget." b a
(Cormac McCarthy, The Road, 2006) "I had a teacher I liked who used to say good fiction's job was to comfort the disturbed and disturb the comfortable."
(David Foster Wallace)

145. "Your manuscript is both good and original; but the part that is good is not original, and the part that is original is not good." Samuel Johnson
“Fair is foul, and foul is fair.” （William Shakespeare, Macbeth I.i)
"Do I love you because you're beautiful? Or are you beautiful because I love you?"

146. Metaphor:
in the past, those who foolishly sought power by riding the back of the tiger ended up inside
break the bonds of mass misery
the prey of hostile power
the master of its own house
a beachhead ( small beginning)of cooperation may push back the jungle ( deep, widespread)of suspicion

147. Rhythm Parallel and balanced structure :
abolish all forms of human poverty and all forms of human life;
born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancient heritage--and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of those human rights to which this Nation has always been committed, and to which we are committed today at home and around the world.

148. Rhythm
Repetition:
Para6,7, 8, 10,11 begins with the same type of phrases:To those ,To our , To those;
paragra15, 16, 17, 18,Let both sides.
There are also repeated uses of important words such as : all forces, belief, committed, free, good.

149. Rhythm
Antithesis:we observe today not a victory of party, but a celebration of freedom--symbolizing an end, as well as a beginning--signifying renewal, as well as change;
United, there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures. Divided, there is little we can do.
Chiasmus:Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate. It made his words easy to remember and reinforced his meaning with repetition.

150. Appropriateness
Deliberate use of Biblical language to add solemnity to his ideas, appropriate to the occasion :
at issue, come not, Let the word go forth, its writ may run, ask not

151. When speaking to different groups of people his tone is appropriate to the audience :
we pledge the loyalty of faithful friends (our word, our best efforts, offer a special pledge, renew our pledge of support, offer not a pledge but a request )

152. Three Appeals pathos ----emotional appeal Ethos ---- ethical appeal
Logos ---- logical or rational appeal

153. Appeal analysis of Kennedy’s inaugural address
Kennedy's goal ---
promote freedom
prevent mass destruction of mankind
Two threats---
communism was on the rise
nuclear warfare had the nation in frenzy

154. Pathos Example 1
"And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country."

155. Pathos Example 2 "we" and "us" "We dare not forget" "we pledge"
"let us begin"
"unite us”
----to invoke a feeling of oneness

156. Pathos Example 3
"We observe today not a victory of party but a celebration of freedom"

157. Pathos Example 4
Kennedy appealed to his listeners outside of America for instance, India by saying---
he welcomed those "new states" but they had to be able to "support their own freedom" and not lean on America for it:
"those who foolishly sought power by riding the back of the tiger ended up inside."

158. Pathos Example 5
To his adversaries, he offered "not a pledge but a request:
that both sides begin anew the quest for peace, before the dark powers of destruction unleashed by science engulf all humanity in planned or accidental self destruction."
Kennedy was referring to nuclear war and used pathos to invoke fear into his opponents.

159. Pathos Example 6
"Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate."
---to make his words easy to remember
---to reinforce his meaning with repetition

160. Ethical appeal
"Kennedy's intelligence and youthful charm had breathed new hope into the country.”
"appeared more at ease and more assured and his confident manner made him seem more presidential."

161. Ethos Example 1
"I do not shrink from this responsibility; I welcome it."
---to project courage because he was setting an example by neutralizing fear.

162. Ethos Example 2
"United, there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures. Divided, there is little we can do, for we dare not meet a powerful challenge at odds and split asunder",
"United we stand, divided we fall" (Lincoln)

163. Ethos Example 3 ---to made several references to God and the Bible
"For I have sworn before you and Almighty God the same solemn oath our forebears prescribed nearly a century and three-quarters ago."

164. Ethos Example 4
---to strengthen his ethos by never drawing a battle line or pointing a finger towards or against his enemies
Kennedy felt the common enemies of man should be "tyranny, poverty, disease and war itself" , not each other.
---to enhance his sincerity for cooperation and negotiation

165. Logical appeal
Kennedy's speech barely touched on logos.

166. pledge
swear
promise
vow
serious
earnest
grave
solemn
sedate

167. prescribe
assign
define

168. mortal
fatal
deadly
lethal

169. generosity
benevolence
good will
kindness
unselfishness

170. heritage
inheritance

171. faithful
loyal
constant
staunch
resolute

172. assure
ensure
insure

173. 争论的焦点是这个行业总的前景 .
What' s at issue here is the whole future of the industry.
很多人都没有领会到这里到底在争论什么 .
Many people fail to grasp what is really at issue here.

174. 不要把他们两个分在一个组里,他俩合不来 .
Don't put them in the same group. The two of them are at odds with each other.

175. 他已放弃出国的打算。
He has cast off his idea of going abroad.
There was an extraordinary feeling of hope and relief, as if a great burden had been cast off.
有种充满希望和解脱的奇妙感觉，好似卸下了一副千斤重担。

176. But it is beyond doubt that the development of Tibet in the past half century has greatly changed its former poor and backward features, and laid a solid foundation for realizing a leapfrog development in its modernization drive.

177. 科学家称：新的证据毫无疑问地证明火星上曾经存在过水。
Scientists said the new evidence proved beyond doubt that water has existed on Mars.

178. 这个计划需要你的确认。
The plan is subject to your confirmation.
这项安排须经你的同意。
The arrangement is made subject to your approval.

179. Media is not subjected to political pressure.
媒体不受政治压力的束缚.
The company and the union agreed that the worker's wages should be subjected to changes in the cost of living.
公司和工会商定，今后工人工资应比照生活费用的变化而调整。