1. The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment
Mr. Stowinsky
World History

2. The Roots of Modern Science
People believed the earth was in the center of the universe
Geocentric theory
Scientific Revolution – New ways of thinking about the natural world, using observation, and questioning accepted beliefs

3. Causes of the Scientific Revolution
Travel – seeing new animals and plants
Printing press
Better scientific equipment
Observing things that challenged classical belief
The desire to know more

4. A Revolutionary Model of the Universe
Heliocentric theory – the sun is in the middle of the solar system
Nicolaus Copernicus created the heliocentric theory
Tycho Brahe – recorded other planet’s movements
Johannes Kepler – said the planets move in ellipses, not perfect circles

5. Galileo
Galileo Galilei – built his own telescope and studied the heavens
Discovered 4 of Jupiter’s moons
Saw our own moon had a rough surface
Confirmed the earth goes around the sun
The Church arrested him and made him say he was wrong. He spent the rest of his life under house arrest.

6. The Scientific Method
Scientific Method – logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas
Observation – problem or question
Hypothesis – unproved assumption
Experiment – test the hypothesis
Conclusion – confirms or disproves hypothesis

7. Rene Descartes – everything should be doubted until proven by reason
Francis Bacon – urged scientists to experiment and draw conclusions, they should reject past assumptions
Empiricism – experimental method
Rene Descartes – everything should be doubted until proven by reason
“I think, therefore I am”
Isaac Newton – Theory of Gravity – every object in the universe attracts every other object

8. The Scientific Revolution Spreads
Inventions and discoveries during the Scientific Revolution
Microscope
Barometer
Fahrenheit and Celsius temperature scales
Smallpox vaccine
Human anatomy
Periodic elements

9. Section 2 – The Enlightenment in Europe
Enlightenment – intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems
Questioned government, religion, economics, and education

10. Two Views on Government
Thomas Hobbes – social contract – people agree or give consent to be governed
John Locke – everyone is born free and equal and have three natural rights – life, liberty, and property

11. The Philisophes Advocate Reason
Philosophe – French for philosopher
Five concepts
Reason – truth could be found through logic
Nature – what is natural is good and reasonable
Happiness – you should be happy NOW
Progress – society and people could improve
Liberty – freedom, personal rights

12. Montesquieu – no part of government should have complete power
Voltaire – criticized the government and church, wrote several books and used satire
“I do no agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it.”
Montesquieu – no part of government should have complete power
Checks and balances
Rousseau – everyone is equal and there should be no nobility

13. Beccaria
Laws existed to preserve social order, not to punish
Against cruel punishments and torturing of witnesses
The punishment should match the crime
Did not believe in capital punishment
Governments should seek the greatest good for the greatest number of people
Utilitarianism

14. Women and the Enlightenment
While some philosophes called for equal treatment, many felt women did not need education
Mary Wollstonecraft – said women were not inferior to men and had a right to education. Also encouraged women to enter politics

15. Legacy of the Enlightenment
Belief in progress – there’s still more to learn and improvements to be made
More secular outlook – people were not afraid to question religious beliefs, letting them advance science
Importance of individual – you can use your own reason and logic to solve problems