1. Ch.2 Cells
Life Science

2. Section 1 – Cell Structure
Learning Objectives
1. Identify names and functions of each part of a cell.
2. Explain how important a nucleus is in a cell.
3. Compare tissues, organs, and organ systems.

3. Section 1 – Cell Structure
A. Common cell structures – outer covering called cell membrane and internal gelatin-like cytoplasm.
1. Comparing cell-size and shape to relate to function.

4. 2. Two cell types
a. Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound internal structures.
b. Eukaryotic cells contain membrane- bound internal structures.

5. B. Cell organization
1. Composed of cellulose, a cell wall grows, gives shape to, and protects the cells of plants, algae, fungi, and most bacteria.

6. 2. Cell membrane – protective layer around all cells.
a. For cells with cell walls, the cell membrane is inside the cell wall
b. A cell membrane allows food and oxygen into the cell and waste products out of the cell.

7. Cytoplasm - gelatin-like substance inside cell membrane (fills up the inside of the cell)
a. Cytoskeleton – scaffolding-like structure in cytoplasm which helps cell keep its shape.
b. In the cytoplasm, eukaryotic cells have organelles which help with cell life processes.

8. 4. Nucleus – contains instructions for everything cell does; includes DNA

9. 5. Energy-processing organelles  help cells do their work.
a. Green organelles in plant cells are called chloroplasts – they make food for plants
(chlorophyll – the green pigment inside chloroplasts  captures light energy from the sun to make food)
b. Organelles which release energy from food are called mitochondria. (Found in both plant + animal cells)

10. Chloroplasts
Mitochondria

11. 6. Manufacturing organelles  make things for the cell
a. Ribosomes make proteins for cell activities
b. Some ribosomes attach to the rough part of the endoplasmic reticulum, a series of smooth or rough membranes that move materials around in a cell.

12. 7. Transporting and storing organelles
a. Golgi bodies move substances out of a cell or to other parts of a cell.
b. Vacuoles – membrane-bound temporary storage spaces
Vacuoles
Golgi bodies

13.  lysosomes - break down food molecules and cell wastes.
8. Recycling organelles
 lysosomes - break down food molecules and cell wastes.
lysosome

14. C. From cell to organism 1. Tissue – group of similar cells
working together on one job
2. Different types of tissues working
together make up an organ.
3. A group of organs working
together on a particular function
form a(n) organ system.

15. Discussion Question
What are some functions of cell parts?

16. Discussion Question What are some functions of cell parts?
Processing energy
Protection
Providing shape
Making, transporting, or storing substances

17. Section 2 – Viewing Cells
Learning Objectives
1. Compare the differences between the compound light microscope and the electron microscope.
2. Summarize the discoveries that led to the development of the cell theory.

18. Section 2 – Viewing Cells
A. Magnifying cells
1. Early microscopes – lenses made images larger but not always clear

20. 2. Modern microscopes that use lenses to bend light
a. A simple microscope has one lens while a compound microscope has two sets of lenses.
1st lens 
 1 lens
 2nd lens

21. Compound Microscope

22. b. A stereomicroscope – has two eyepieces, creates a three-dimensional (3D) image.
c. Powers of the eyepiece multiplied (X) by objective lenses determine total magnification.
Eyepiece lens X objective lens = total magnification
 Example: X =

23. 3. Electron microscopes – more powerful than other microscopes
a. Use a magnetic field in a vacuum to bend electronic beams
b. Images must be photographed or produced electronically.

24. Other images from electron microscopes…

26. B. Development of the cell theory
1. The cell theory resulted from many scientists’ observations and conclusions.
 2. The basic unit of organization is the cell.
 3. All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
 4. New cells come form old cells through cell division.

28. Discussion Question What are some differences between
electron microscopes vs. other microscopes?

29. Discussion Question What are some differences between
electron microscopes vs. other microscopes?
 Magnification
 lenses or magnetic fields
 Viewing of the image

30. Section 3 – Viruses Learning Objectives
1. Explain how a virus makes copies of itself.
2. Identify the benefits of vaccines.
3. Investigate some uses of viruses.

31. Section 3 – Viruses
A. Virus – a nonliving strand of hereditary material (DNA) surrounded by a protein coating.

32. B. Virus multiplication – viruses can make copies of themselves only inside a living host cell.
1. Active viruses – make the host cell produce new viruses, which kills the host cell

33. 2. Latent viruses – hide in the host cell without destroying it (right away)
a. Virus hereditary material (DNA) becomes part of the host cell’s hereditary material (DNA).
b. Latent viruses can become active and then destroy the host cells.

34. C. Virus effects on organisms
1. Most viruses infect only specific kinds of cells.
2. Viruses are often carried to the host through the air.

35. 3. The virus and host cell must fit together exactly to begin a viral infection.
4. Bacteriophages attach to bacteria and inject their hereditary material.

36. D. Fighting viruses
1. Vaccines – weakened virus particles which allow the host to fight some diseases

38. 2. Treating viral diseases
a. Antibiotics are not effective treatments for viral infections.
b. Infected cells sometimes produce interferons, which are proteins that can protect non-infected cells.

39. c. Antiviral drugs often have adverse (unwanted) side effects, limiting their use.
d. Public health measures can prevent or slow disease spread.

40. E. Research with viruses
 gene therapy uses viruses to replace defective cell hereditary material (DNA) with normal cell hereditary material (DNA).

41. Discussion Question
How are viral diseases prevented and treated?

42. Discussion Question How are viral diseases prevented and treated?
 Vaccines
Antiviral drugs
Public health practices - wash hands, keeping areas clean, etc.
 Interferon production - proteins which protect non-infected cells