1. Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
Unit 7
Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

2. Types of Chemical Reactions
Precipitate reaction
Double Replacement
Acid – Base reaction
Oxidation – Reduction reaction (redox)
Combustion reaction
Synthesis reaction
Decomposition reaction
Single Replacement

3. Signs of a Chemical Reaction
Color change
Change in temperature
Formation of a gas (look for bubbles)
Formation of a precipitate
(precipitate is a solid formed when mixing 2 liquids together)
Remember !

4. Precipitate lab
Ba(NO3)2
BaCl2
Na2CrO4
K2CrO4
NaNO3
KCl

5. Precipitate Lab Set I Set II Set III Set IV Ba(NO3)2 Na2SO4 FeCl3
Set V
Ba(NO3)2
Na2SO4
FeCl3
NiCl2
CuCl2
BaCl2
Al2(SO4)3
Co(NO3)2
MgCl2
Na2CrO4
Sr(NO3)2
CoCl2
K2CrO4
NaOH
NaNO3
KOH
Ba(OH)2
Na3PO4
KCl
AlCl3
MgSO4
Na2CO3

6. Precipitate lab
Ba(NO3)2
BaCl2
Na2CrO4
K2CrO4
NaNO3
KCl x

7. Precipitate lab
Na2SO4
Al2(SO4)3
Sr(NO3)2
BaCl2
Ba(NO3)2
AlCl3 x

8. Precipitate lab
FeCl3
Co(NO3)2
CoCl2
NaOH
KOH
NaNO3 x

9. Precipitate lab
NiCl2
MgCl2
Na2SO4
NaOH
Ba(OH)2
MgSO4 x

10. Precipitate lab
CuCl2
Co(NO3)2
FeCl3
NiCl2
Na3PO4
Na2CO3 x

11. Precipitate Reaction Reactants are dissolved as ions in solution.
They are strong electrolytes.
K2CrO4 (aq) + Ba(NO3)2 (aq)  products
2 K+1(aq) + CrO4-2(aq) + Ba+2(aq) NO3-1(aq)  products
Problem is to decide what the products are!

12. Solubility Rules
Soluble means that the product will dissolve in water.
Low solubility means that is insoluble, it will NOT dissolve in water.
The chart lists anions (negative ions) and cations (positive ions)

13. Formation of a Precipitate: Happens when 2 solutions are mixed, and a solid is formed due to a combination of ions that is not soluble, will not dissolve in H2O.
1. Determine the ions present in each solution
2. Using the Solubility of common compounds in water chart, determine which combination of ions has low solubility
Low solubility means will precipitate and form a solid
3. Write the balanced ionic equation for the formation of the precipitate.
Ba(NO3)2 
Na2CrO4 

14. Chemical Equations – 3 types to write
Complete Molecular chemical equations show all chemicals as complete formulas.
K2CrO4 (aq) + Ba(NO3)2 (aq)  BaCrO4 (s) KNO3 (aq)
Complete Ionic chemical equations show all chemicals in their actual form.
2K+1(aq)+CrO4-2(aq)+Ba+2(aq)+2NO3-1(aq)BaCrO4(s)+2K1(aq)+2NO3-1(aq)
Net Ionic chemical equations show only the chemicals that are directly involved in the reaction.
Ba+2 (aq) + CrO4-2 (aq)  BaCrO4 (s)
Spectator ions, those not involved, are not included.

15. Write all 3 types of chemical reactions for the following combinations.
Barium nitrate with sodium chromate
Aluminum sulfate with strontium nitrate
Cobalt (II) chloride with potassium hydroxide
Magnesium chloride with sodium hydroxide
Copper (II) chloride with sodium carbonate

16. Water Lab Puzzle PO4+3 SO4+2 Mix chemicals A, B, and C
with chemicals 1, and 2.
Use the results to determine which is:
Al+3 Ba+2 Na+1
PO4+3 SO4+2

17. Mixture is a substance composed of two or more individual components
Mixture is a substance composed of two or more individual components. The physical properties (such as density, melting point, boiling point) can change.
A homogeneous mixture is uniform in composition. A solution is a homogeneous mixture. Example: sugar dissolved in H2O
A heterogeneous mixture is non-uniform in composition. Example: Sand mixed with gravel
There are 3 kinds of solutions
a. Gaseous solution: All are homogeneous mixtures. Example: the air
b. Solid solution: A solid dissolved in a solid, Alloys. Example: woods alloy which is Pb, Sn, Cd, and Bi, it melts at 71 oC

18. Turkey is done at 170 oF or 77 oC
Turkey Timer
The spring is held down with a blob of solid metal. The metal alloy, which has a low melting point.
When the turkey is hot enough (done!), the metal melts, releasing the spring, and the timer pops up.
Metal
Alloy
Turkey is done at 170 oF or 77 oC

19. Solvent is the liquid that does the dissolving.
c. Liquid solution: A solid, liquid, or gas dissolved in a liquid.
Solvent is the liquid that does the dissolving.
Solute is the substance being dissolved.
Dilute solution (unsaturated) has very little solute in a large amount of solvent. Example: Kool-aid made with only ¼ cup of sugar.
Concentrated solution has a large amount of solute dissolved in the solvent. Example: Kool-aid made with the full cup of sugar.
Saturated solution has the most solute possible dissolved in the solvent. Example: Kool-aid made with enough sugar that some stays undissolved in the bottom of the container.

20. Properties of Solutions Lab
What happens to the boiling point when a salt is added to H2O?
What happens to the freezing point when a salt is added to H2O?
What happens to the temperature when a salt dissolves in H2O?
Do all salts dissolving in H2O result in the same temperature change direction?
What is a precipitate?

21. Water Softeners
Water softeners work on an ion exchange method. Ions such as Ca+2, Mg+2, and Fe+3 make water hard. Hard water resists suds (or forming bubbles). Hard water also leaves deposits of these ions in pipes and fixtures.

22. Water softeners are filled with resin, small beads which have a large amount of surface area. When your water softener flushes, the tank with a salt brine allows the salt solutions to flow over the resin. Na+1 cling to the resin. The next few days, every time you use water, the water runs over the resin with Na+1. The Na+1 exchanges places with undesirable ions. When most of the Na+1 is gone, the water softener flushes again.

23. Waste H2O Treatment
Primary Treatment Vertical bars to catch stuff Chlorine may be added to control odor Grit chamber to allow “grit” to settle Flows into a primary clarifier light material is skimmed off top heavier material “sludge” sinks By the end of primary treatment 30% of “pollution is removed.

24. Secondary Treatment Biological treatment allowing “bugs” to decompose organic wastes. These bugs convert 30% or organic waste to biomass and 70 % to H2O and CO2. Urea, from urine is converted to ammonia, which in turn is converted to nitrate. After secondary treatment, % of “pollution” has been removed.

25. Detroit Lakes
Removes PO4-3 by adding Fe2(SO4)3 The Iron (III) phosphate is sprayed onto field at the airport.

26. Drinking Water Treatment
Iron is removed using OH–1 . The iron (III) hydroxide is removed by passing through carbon / sand filter.
Chlorine is added to kill bacteria.
Fluoride is added to protect teeth from cavities.
Sodium phosphate is added to cause the water to become basic. Once basic, a coating of calcium carbonate forms on the pipes to prevent corrosion.

27. Molarity (M) is a unit of concentration
Molarity (M) is a unit of concentration. Molarity is the number of moles of solute dissolved per liter of solution.
# of moles
Volume in Liters M =
3 moles of NaCl are dissolved in 2 liters of solution. What is the molarity?

28. Remember the formula for moles
# of moles
Volume in Liters M =
Remember the formula for moles
3.89 grams of NiCl2 are dissolved in 300mL of water. What is the molarity?
Grams
Molar mass
Moles =

29. What mass of AgNO3 would be required to make 2.5 L of 0.10 M solution?

30. Determination of Molarity
HCl(aq) + CaCO3 (s)  CaCl2 (aq) + H2O (L) + CO2 (g)

31. Freezing Point Depression
DT = (1.86oC)( )(i)
DT = change in temperature
Kg of water: 1 Kg = 1000 mL
i = number of ions formed by one molecule of ionic solid
(example Na3PO4  3 Na PO i = 4 ions)
What will the freezing point be lowered by if 125 grams of MgCl2 is added to 500 mL of water?
Moles of ionic solid
Kg of water

32. When mixed together, products are
Acid – Base Reactions
Arrhenius definition:
Acid donates a H+1
Base donates a OH-1
HCl (aq)  H+1(aq) + Cl-1(aq)
NaOH (aq)  Na+1(aq) + OH-1 (aq)
When mixed together, products are
H2O and salt.

33. HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq)  H2O(L) + NaCl(aq)
H+1(aq)+ Cl-1(aq)+Na+1(aq)+OH+1(aq)H2O (L)+Na+1(aq)+Cl-(aq)
H+1 (aq) + OH-1 (aq)  H2O (L)
HNO3 (aq) + KOH (aq) 

34. Acid Rain can occur naturally. CO2 (g) + H2O(L)  H2CO3 (aq)
Pollutants from human activities can also result in acid rain.
2 SO2 (g) + O2 (g)  2 SO3 (g)
SO3 (g) + H2O (g)  H2SO4 (aq)
NO2 (g) + H2O (g)  H2NO3 (aq)
When acid rain percolates through the ground it will react with CaCO3 (s) (limestone), dissolving the limestone creating caves.
Running and dripping water with dissolved minerals form:
stalactics: deposited minerals holding tight to ceiling of cave
stalagmites: deposited minerals on floor of cave

35. Oxidation – Reduction Reactions
All involve the transfer of e-
Metal + Nonmetal
Na (s) + Cl2 (g)  NaCl (s)
Single Replacement (metal + compound)
Al (s) + Fe2O3 (s)  Al2O3 (s) + Fe(s)
Balance equations

36. Combustion reaction: Hydrocarbon combining with oxygen to produce water and carbon dioxide.
C2H5OH (g) + 
Synthesis: Multiple atoms or molecules combining to make one product.
H2 (g) + O2 (g)  H2O (g)
Decomposition: One reactant breaking apart to make multiple products.
H2O (L)  H2 (g) + O2 (g)

37. Review 1. Ni(NO3)2  Ni+2 + 2 NO3-1
Na2CO3  2 Na CO3-2 Ni CO3-2  NiCO3
2. Ni(NO3)2 + Na2CO3  NiCO NaNO3
Ni NO Na+1 + CO3-2  NiCO3 + 2Na NO3-1
Ni CO3-2  NiCO3
3. DT = 9.59 oC (or freeze at oC)
M HCl
M CuSO4
g Sr(NO3)2
L of H2O

38. Solutions Crossword Down Miscible 15. Hydration Across 10. Molality
23 Nonelectrolyte
24. (Change to 20 e-)
33. Solvation
36. Electrolyte
45. Henry

39. Precipitate Lab Set I Set II Set III Set IV Ba(NO3)2 Na2SO4 FeCl3
NiCl2
BaCl2
Al2(SO4)3
Co(NO3)2
MgCl2
Na2CrO4
Sr(NO3)2
CoCl2
K2CrO4
NaOH
NaNO3
KOH
Ba(OH)2
KCl
AlCl3
MgSO4

40. Practice writing chemical equations.
Pick 5 reactions from the precipitate lab, one from each set.
For each reaction chosen, write:
1. Molecular chemical equation
2. Complete ionic chemical equation
3. Net ionic chemical equation