1. Economic Geography

2. Levels of economic activity
Primary-dealing with natural resources
Secondary-manufacturing and processing
Tertiary –services

3. Resource are not distributed equally
Interdependence of nations, trade goods, services, and capital resource
Uneven economic development
Energy producers and consumers
Imperialism
Conflict over control of resources

4. The location of resources influence economic activity and patterns of land use

5. Proximity of economic activity and natural resources
Coal and steel
Grain and cattle
Ocean and fishing
Hydroelectric power and aluminum smelting

6. Non proximity of resources to economic activity and natural resource
Japan-limited natural resource but a major manufacturing region
United Arab Emirates-Oil but a lack of industry

7. Levels of economic development vary from country to country and from a place within a country
Access to natural resources
Access to capital resources
Numbers and skills of human resources
Levels of economic development
Standards of living and quality of life
Relationships between economic development and quality of life.

8. Many criteria are used to access the standard of living and quality of life
Population growth rate
Population age distribution
Literacy rate
Life expectancy
Infant mortality
Percentage of urban population

9. Resource and technology influence development and quality of life
Urban and rural ratio
Labor force characteristics
Per capita GDP
Educational achievement

10. Resources are not equally distributed

11. Economic activities are influenced by availability of resources, cultural values , economic philosophies, and levels of supply and demand for goods and services

12. Access to human, natural, and capital resources
Skill of the work force
Natural resource
Access to new technologies
Transportation and communications network
Availability of investment capital

13. Location and ability to exchange goods
Landlocked countries
Coastal and island countries
Proximity to shipping lanes
Access to communication networks

14. Membership in political and economic alliance that provides access to markets
European Union (EU)
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

15. Comparative Advantage: countries will export goods and services that they can produce at lower relative cost than other countries

16. Resource are not distributed equally
Specialization in goods and services that a country can market for profit.
Exchange of goods and services

17. No country has all the resources it needs to survive and grow.

18. Nations participate in those activities compatible with their human, natural, and capitol resource

19. Japan –highly industral nation despite limted natural resources
Russia-Numerous resources many of which are not economically profitable to develop
United States-Diversified economy abundant natural resources specialized industries
Cote’d Ivory-limited natural resources, cash crops in exchange for manufactured goods
Switzerland-limited natural resources production of services on a global scale.

20. International Trade fosters interdepence

21. Reason why countries engage in trade
To import goods and services that they need
To export goods and services that they can market for profit

22. Effects of comparative advantage on international trade include
Enables nation to produce good and services that they can market for profit
Influence the development of industries
Supports specialization and efficient of human resources

23. Economic, social, and therefore spatial relationships change over time.
Industrial labor system
Migration from rural to urban areas
Industrialized countries export labor
Growth of financial service network and international bank
Internationalization of product assembly
Technology that allows instant communication among people in different countries
Modern transportation network network that allow rapid and effient exchange of goods and services
Widespread marketing of products

24. Improvements in transportation and communication have promoted globalization

25. As a global society, the world is increasingly interdependent

26. Economic interdependent fosters the formation of economic unions

27. Examples of economic unions
EU –European Union
NAFTA-North American Free Trade Agreement
ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nation
OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

28. Advantage of economic unions
More efficient industries
Access to larger markets
Access to natural, human, and capital resources without restrictions
Greater influence on world Markets

29. Disadvantage of economic unions
Closing of some industries
Concentration of some industries in certain countries leaving peripheral area behind
Agribusiness replacing family farms
Difficulty in agreeing on common economic policies