1. Energy Sector Pakistan
Syed Salman Haider Naqvi Department of Mechanical NED University of Engineering and Technology

2. Electricity in Pakistan
Electricity in Pakistan is generated, transmitted, distributed, and retail supplied by two vertically integrated public sector utilities: Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) for all of Pakistan (except Karachi), and the Karachi Electric (K-Electric) for the city of Karachi and its surrounding areas. There are around 42 independent power producers (IPPs) that contribute significantly in electricity generation in Pakistan.

3. Current Capacity Total installed capacity: 23,928 MW (2015)
Electricity – Sources (2014)
fossil fuel – 14,635 MW – 64.2% of total(oil-35.2% + gas-29%)
hydro – 6,611 MW – 29% of total
nuclear – 1,322 MW – 5.8% of total
The average demand is17,000 MW whereas, shortfall between 5,000 MW and 6,000 MW.
There are four major power producers in country: WAPDA, K-Electric, IPPs and Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC).

4. Major Power Plants of Pakistan
WAPDA, PAEC, K-Electric and some Independent Power Producers IPPs are as followed.
Power Plants
Company
Location
Capacity
WAPDA (HYDEL)
Tarbela Dam
3478 MW
Mangla Dam
1000 MW
Ghazi-Barotha Hydropower Project
1450 MW
WAPDA (THERMAL)
Guddu Thermal Power Plant
1655 MW
Muzaffargarh Thermal Power Plant
1350 MW
Jamshoro Thermal Power Plant
850 MW
Jump to slide 11

5. Power Plants Company Location Capacity K-Electric
Thermal Power Station, Bin Qasim I
1260 MW
CCPP, Bin Qasim II
560 MW
Thermal Power Station, Korangi
316 MW
PAEC
KANUPP
137 MW
CHASNUPP-1
325 MW
CHASNUPP-2
CHASNUPP-3
340 MW
CHASNUPP-4
PEPCO
Nandipur Power Project
425 MW
Solar Park
Quaid-e-Azam Solar Park, Bahawalpur
400 MW
Jump to slide 12

6. Power Plants Company Location Capacity IPPs
AES Lalpir Limited, Mehmood Kot
362 MW
AES Pak Gen, Mehmood Kot
365 MW
HUBCO Hub Power Plant, Hub
1292 MW
Kot Addu Power Company Limited
1638 MW
Lucky Electric Power Company Limited
660 MW
Uch (Uch-I and Uch-II) Power Limited, Dera Murad Jamali
990 MW
Engro Powergen Qadirpur Limited, Ghotki
226.5 MW

7. Express Tribune Report:
As on June 30, 2015, the total installed capacity of the country was 24,823 MW; of which the share of thermal power plants was 16,814 MW (67.74%) followed by hydel power plants 7,116 MW (28.67%), nuclear power plants 787 MW (3.17%) and wind power plant 106 MW (0.43%).

8. ENERGY PRODUCTION PLAN 1955-2010
20,289 MW 11
ENERGY PRODUCTION PLAN
15,421 MW 10
9,786 MW
20,782 MW 9
6,716 MW 6%
4,809 MW 8
3,280 MW 7
1,743 MW 6
86% 5
815 MW
46% 4
50%
550 MW
73% 3
Production Plan
53%
168 MW 2
Success Rate
78% 1
82%
101%

9. CPEC and it’s Impact on Power Sector
Electricity generation has increased by 3.18% in 2015 as a result of Government of Pakistan (GoP) efforts and China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). The country has begun diversifying its energy producing capacity by investing in coal, nuclear energy, solar energy and wind energy to help offset the energy shortage while larger projects greater than 1000 MW such as the Diamer-Bhasha Dam, Kohala Hydropower Project, Pakistan Port Qasim Power Project, Sahiwal Coal Power Project, Thar Engro Coal Power Project, Hub Coal Power Project and new nuclear plants are now under construction or planned.

10. CPEC Projects – Due 2020 Power Stations Capacity
Pakistan Port Qasim Power Project.
1320 (2x660MW)
Sahiwal Coal Power Project
Rahimyar Khan coal power project
Thar SSRL coal power project and mine
Quaid-e-Azam Solar Park
1000MW
Suki Kinari Hydropower Project
870MW
Karot Hydropower Project
720MW
HUBCO coal power project
660MW
Thar Engro Coal Power Project
660 (2x330MW)
Gwadar coal power project
300MW
UEP Windfarm
100MW
Others*
50x3MW

11. Classification Of Power Plants

12. Hydel Power Plants
It is said that Pakistan could produce upto 40,000MW through Hydel Energy yet it consumes less than 20% of its resource. The Hydel Contribution to power sector is only 7,116MW. Pakistan’s major Hydro Electric Power Plants are enlisted here WAPDA Hydro Electric Stations

13. Nuclear Power Stations
As of 2017 the net addition to grid through Nuclear Power Station is 1,467MW. With Chasnupp and Kanupp extension underway and due till Net +4200MW addition to the grid is expected by For detailed specifications visit here.

14. Thermal Power Stations
Oil Fired
The major share of Oil fired plants raise a startling concern as it contributes to loss of foreign exchange and with hiking oil prices per unit cost Rs./KWh has also increased. Oil Fired Plants add +8000MW to the grid as of 2013 survey.
Thermal Power Stations
They are further classified as
Oil Fired – 35.2%
Gas Fired – 29%
Coal Fired – 1.2%
Gas Fired
Having world’s largest gas reserves quickly deplating. Gas Fired Plants add +6900MW to the grid. Being cheaper compared to HSD and HFO, it’s the best alternative to produce cheaper electricity.
Coal Fired
Pakistan have large coal reserves. Its estimated that 40000MW could be recovered for next 100 years. Yet due to environmental policies and coal quality the projects are limited. +300MW has been added to grid as of 2013

15. Dawn News Report:
The coal power plant will have two units each with a combined capacity of 1320MW. One unit (holding 660MW capacity) is expected to be completed by the end of 2017 and the other by March 2018.
The project adopts the world’s leading super-critical thermal technology and will also follow environment-friendly operations, including seawater desalination and flue gas de-sulfurization.

16. Inefficiencies of Thermal Power Stations
Maintaining a Power Plant is as important as operating the system. Guddu and BQPS I – KE are nearing their life cycle with inefficiencies having its toll. Guddu being a Thermal Power Station at its optimum has 35% net efficiency which has downgraded to only 30% similarly BQPS-I is not running on full load due to technology upgrade and maintenance issues.

17. Era Of Gas Engines and Combine Cycle Power Plants
Gas engines are popular as power developing propulsion engines and have contributed millions of MegaWatts worldwide. A simple cycle Gas Turbine engine can yield coupe up 45% Net efficiency. And when coupled with a Steam Turbine engine the CCPP can yield upto 55-65% Net efficiency, depending upon the technology it’s equipped with.
Currently +6700MW have been added to the Grid through CCPP. The highly efficient Power Plants yield best economy. Per unit cost Rs./KWh is cheaper compared to other technologies.

18. Conclusion
Pakistan’s Power Sector is fast evolving. The production has gone 2.5x in last 10 year plan. Through China Pakistan Economic Corridor – CPEC upto 10,000MW would be added to the Grid by Suppressing the Shortfall and featuring job opportunities. Furthermore more efficient Super Critical Plants are being established with 42% Net Efficiency and other Combined Cycle Power Stations are part of the “Early Harvest – Energy Project”.
Click here to view CPEC Projects