1. Renewable Energies for Germany
100%
Renewable Energies for Germany
E. Waffenschmidt
Aachen, 19. August 2007
Solarenergie-Förderverein Deutschland e.V.
(Solar Energy Promoting Society of Germany)

2. Sustainable use of energy
The largest challenge of our generation
Conversion to 100% Renewable Energies is the only solution

3. Is „100% Renewables“ possible?
Yes!
Studies, e.g.:
Enquete-Commission of the Deutsche Bundestag (German parliament) 2002
LTI-Research Team, 1998
V. Quaschning, 2000 (100% Electricity)
Our example for Germany

4. How does „100% Renewables“ look like?
In Germany ?
With existing technology ?

5. Overview Today‘s consumption Energy savings Renewable Energies

6. Explanation of terms Primary energy Delivered 29% 60% 11%
For electricity, heat, fuel
Primary
energy
Delivered
Losses
Non-
energetic
4000 TWh
2400 TWh
60%
29%
11%
Per head:
31000 kWh
1 TWh = 1 Billion kWh
From: „Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen e.V., „Energiebilanz der Bundesrepublik 2002“,

7. „Consumption“ of Energy
Process heat
Temperatures > 200°C
Mainly in industry
Example: Glas manufacturing, metal melting, baking
Elektrical applications
Light
Machines
Information
Traffic
Cars
Trucks
Railway
Airplanes
Ships
Heat
House heating
Warm water
Low temperature processes, e.g. drying
El.Applications
Traffic
Process-Heat
Today’s demand
Heat
Savings
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Energy / TWh

8. Overview Today‘s consumption Energy savings Renewable Energies
Electricity
Efficient traffic
House isolation
Renewable Energies

9. Energy savings -10% Electricity -66% House heating -50% Treibstoff
By efficient lighting and abandonment of Stand-By
-66% House heating
By state of the art isolation of existing houses
-50% Treibstoff
by 3-Liter/100km cars and 2/3 far distance goods traffic by train

10. Energy savings Imagine: Light and Stand-By
3 l/100km cars and 2/3 far distance good traffic by train
All houses heat isolated
Save 45% of the energy consumption
Light + Stand By
Traffic
House isolation
Future demand
Today’s demand
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Energy / TWh

11. Overview Today‘s consumption Energy savings Renewable Energies
Solar energy
Wind power
Hydro power
Geothermal energy
Bio mass

12. Solar energy Critical parameters:
Power of the sunlight
Area
With photovoltaic per m² and year: approx. 100 kWh electrical energy

13. Area demand for solar energy
Solar roof area and facades
2100km²
Electr. energy
Demand: 5000km²
Total energy
Demand: 25700km²
Buildings+related area
Traffic
Settled area
42000km²
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
Area / km²

14. Solar energy Imagine: Solar systems on every suitable roof and facade
Generate nearly halve of today’s electricity demand
El. energy
Thermal
Future generation
Future demand
Savings
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Energy / TWh

15. Wind power Today 20000 wind turbines in Germany
1MW average peak power per turbine
20% average usage (also in inland areas)
33 TWh per year

16. Wind power Today Tomorrow 20000 wind turbines in Germany
1MW average peak power
30000 wind turbines + offshore
3MW average peak power
Offshore
110 TWh
7 / 100km²
x 1 MW:
33 TWh
7 / 100km²
x 3 MW
100 TWh
7 / 100km²
x 3 MW
60 TWh
Sum
270 TWh

17. Wind power Imagine: Re-powering Extension in Southern Germany
Offshore wind parks
Cover more than halve of today’s electricity demand
Future generation
Future demand
Savings
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Energy / TWh

18. Hydro power Imagine: Old hydro power plants are re-activated
This adds halve of today’s hydro power generation
Then hydro power has a fraction of 7% of the total electricity generation
Future generation
Future demand
Savings
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Energy / TWh

19. Geothermal energy Deep down Near surface Up to 7000 m More than 100°C
District heating grids
Electricity generation
Limited: ~7000 Jahre
Less than 100 m
Approx. 12°C
Heat pumps, decentral
Electricity demand
Unlimited

20. Geothermal Energy Imagine:
District heating with deep geothermal energy
Decentralised heat with heat pumps
Satisfy the major demand for heating
Future generation
Future demand
Savings
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Energy / TWh

21. Bio mass Forrest wood Waste material Agricultures Fire wood Waste wood
Garbage (but: Recycling is preferred!)
Excrements (e.g. liquid manure, sludge)
Bio waste (e.g. straw, garden waste)
Agricultures
20% of the agricultural area

22. Bio mass as fuel Rape oil
Approx. 1700l fuel per hectare and year ( 1.7 kWh/m²)
Only approx. 10% of the fuel demand on 20% of the agricultural area
High energy effort for production
Sustainable land cultivation difficult
BTL
Approx l fuel per hectare and year ( 2…4 kWh/m²)
Medium energy efficiency (10…40%), no combined-heat-and-power
Centralized large scale plants -> high transport effort
No sustainable land cultivation
Biogas
Approx. 5500l fuel equivalent per hectare and year ( 5.5 kWh/m²)
Acceptable energy efficiency (50%), combined-heat-and-power possible
Decentralized plants -> low transport effort
Sustainable land cultivation imaginable

23. Biomasse Imagine: Forrest wood Waste material Agricultural products
Must be converted
Cover the future energy demand of the traffic
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Energy / TWh
Future demand
Future generation

24. Usage Conclusion: More than 100% available as sum
How to use the energies?
Solar electric
Solar thermal
Wind power
Hydro power
Geothermal
Bio mass
Losses
El. applications
Traffic
Process heat
Heat
Savings
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Energy / TWh
Future demand
Future generation

25. Usage Energy sources Energy supply Electr. applications Traffic
Solar electric
Solar thermal
Wind power
Hydro power
Geothermal
Bio mass
Energy sources
Energy supply
Electricity
Fuel
Waste heat
Electr. applications
Traffic
El. applications
Traffic
Process heat
Heat
Process heat
Heat
Demand
Savings
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Energy / TWh

26. 100% Renewable Energies are possible!
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Energy / TWh
Future demand
Future generation
El. applications
Traffic
Process heat
Heat
Savings
Solar electric
Solar thermal
Wind power
Hydro power
Geothermal
Bio mass
Losses
Infos at: or

27. Appendix

28. Climate saving is so easy!
What has to be done?
Possibilities of single persons are limited
Relying on comprehension is naive
General conditions must change:
Laws, directives
Cost distribution
Guide and requirements by organisations
Associations
Trusts
Since I switch off the engine at the traffic light, it consumes only 13.5 Litres per 100 km
Climate saving is so easy!

29. Why Renewable Energies?
Limit the climate change
Save limited resources
Reduce import dependence
Avoid conflict potential
Cheaper in the long run
Un-dangerous and non-toxic
 The more, the better

30. How long will it take? Consideration Assumption Conclusions
Wind and Sun
Assumption
Extension of growth rates of last 10 years
Limitation:
Roof areas
Wind turbine density
Production slightly higher than necessary for replacement
Conclusions
50% electricity in 10 years
100% in 20 years
Still 10 years growth of solar production

31. How long will it take? Consideration Assumption Conclusions
Wind and Sun
Assumption
Extension of growth rates of last 10 years
Limitation:
Roof areas
Wind turbine density
Production slightly higher than necessary for replacement
Conclusions
50% electricity in 10 years
100% in 20 years
Still 10 years growth of solar production

32. Energy storage Relevant for electricity
European grid reduces storage size
Demand shift in time
Needed storage (without grid and shift)*:
3% of the yearly generated energy as storage size
16% of installed power as momentary storage power
18 % of the yearly generated energy is intermediately stored
* Acc. to: Volker Quaschning, „Systemtechnik einer klimaverträglichen Elektrizitätsversorgung [...]“, VDI Verlag, 2000, ISBN ,

33. Energy storage Imagine: The European electricity grid is extended
Additional large storage power plant emerge
Private investors invest in decentralized storages

34. Energy flows
In TWh
705
400
321
271 33
680
279
250
271 33 25
306
150
-61
181
608 15 10
120
316 43 5
214
294
299 93 19 20 39
162
193
8.4 34
-294
-338
-537
-210

35. Energy consumption in Germany
Primary energy consumption in 2002
in Germany: 4000 TWh
Households, elektric
3,4%
Manufact. etc.,
elektric
3,5%
Traffic
18,1%
Industry, elektric
5,2%
Households
15,3%
Manufacturing etc.
7,2%
Industry
10,9%
Losses for electricity
24,7%
Traffic, elektric
0,4%
Further losses
and non-energetic
11,3%
Electricity
37%
From: „Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen e.V., „Energiebilanz der Bundesrepublik 2002“,

36. Ways to 100% Renewables 100% ? Sufficiency ? Savings by Efficiency
This presentation
This presentation
Savings by
Efficiency
Now
Now
Renewable Energies