1. Energy from Organic Fuels
F4 Fossil Fuel Review

2. Review of Organic Fuels
The Need for Energy
Law of Physics
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
It can only be changed from one form to another
Except for lightning, electricity is not a form of energy that can be found in nature

3. Review of Organic Fuels
Generated by the conversion of other forms of energy
Fossil fuel is burned to boil water
Boiling water produces steam
Steam exerts pressure on a turbine
Turbine turns and produces mechanical energy
Mechanical energy generates electricity
This conversion is not 100 percent efficient

4. Review of Organic Fuels
Changing Energy Needs
Hunter-gatherer societies had very limited energy requirements so they used wood
Agricultural societies needed more energy so they also used domesticated animals
Industrial Revolution – Tasks that used to be done by people and animals were taken over by machines

5. Review of Organic Fuels
Changing Energy Needs

6. Review of Organic Fuels
Organic Fuels – contain carbon compounds that were once part of living organisms
A compound composed only of carbon and hydrogen is called a hydrocarbon.
Carbon molecules require 4 bonds
And a Hydrogen molecules require 1 bond
Methane CH4
Ethane C2H6 C C H H H H C H H H H H H

7. Review of Organic Fuels
Octane C8H18 H H H H H H H H H C C C C C C C C H H H H H H H H H
Iso-octane C8H18
is branched chain
Less volatile and less flammable
Added to gasoline to control the rate at which it burns in a car's engine

8. Review of Organic Fuels
Coal Formation – occurs in stages over millions of years
At each stage, the plant matter loses more hydrogen and oxygen
The remaining carbon becomes more concentrated
As the carbon concentration increases, so does the amount of energy given off by burning it

9. Review of Organic Fuels
Peat – a brittle, brown plant material containing a great deal of water and a low percentage of carbon
Not a form of coal
Is the first stage in the formation of coal
Compacted mass of twigs, leaves, and branches that resembles decaying wood
Located at or near Earth's surface
Gives off a large amount of smoke because of its high percentage of water and impurities

10. Review of Organic Fuels
Lignite – The second stage in coal formation
A soft, brown coal composed of about 40 percent carbon
Burns quickly and gives off very little smoke
Located below Earth's surface and must be mined
Bituminous Coal – about 85 percent carbon
Forms deep in Earth's crust
Most abundant type of coal mined in the US
Less water and fewer impurities than lignite
Burns hotter and with even less smoke
Widely used in industry

11. Review of Organic Fuels
Bituminous Coal
Anthracite Coal – Shiny, black rock with about 95 percent carbon
Pressure and heat change the sedimentary bituminous coal into a metamorphic rock
Located deeper in the ground than any of the other forms of coal
Has the least water, fewest impurities, and highest carbon content

12. Review of Organic Fuels
Petroleum and Natural Gas
Coal – solid fossil fuel
Petroleum – (crude oil) liquid fossil fuel
Natural Gas – a fossil fuel in the gaseous state
Coal vs Petroleum
Both are formed from the remains of once living organisms (fossils)
Both are created by heat and pressure
Coal is solid and made of plant material
Petroleum is liquid and made of the remains of sea organisms

13. Review of Organic Fuels
Petroleum – same process where layers of sediment create heat and pressure which form a syrupy liquid
A great deal of pressure can build up in an oil pool trapped deep in the ground
Pressure forces the oil upward, forming a gusher
Where there is little or no pressure, oil must be pumped to the surface

14. Review of Organic Fuels
One of the world's most important resources
Used to:
Make gasoline and diesel fuels
To heat homes
Burned to produce electricity
Grease and other lubricants
Asphalt used to pave roads
Synthetic fabrics such as nylon and polyester
Plastics are also made from petroleum
Because petroleum takes millions of years to form, it is not a renewable resource

15. Review of Organic Fuels
Natural Gas – a mixture of gaseous hydrocarbons
Methane is the primary component
Other hydrocarbons such as ethane and propane may also be present
Natural gas has been used for thousands of years
2000 years ago, Chinese used bamboo poles to pipe natural gas to areas where it was burned
In 1802, Italy used natural gas in to light street lamps
Today, it is used in industry and homes
Used instead of coal or oil for heating because it burns cleaner than these other fuels

16. Review of Organic Fuels
Natural Gas
Often found trapped above petroleum pools
The same wells frequently produces both natural gas and oil
In fact, natural gas is sometimes viewed as a waste, or by-product, of petroleum drilling
Petroleum processing plants, such as the one in the picture, can sometimes be seen burning off the natural gas

17. Complete the questions in the section review