1. Nationalism

2. Napoleon’s Rule
1804: Napoleon declares himself Emperor for life, and the Napoleonic Wars begin
By 1812 Napoleon controlled most of Europe (From Spain to Border of Russia)
Two places that Napoleon never could conquer were Great Britain and Russia

4. Napoleon’s Rule Napoleons Mistakes
The (Continental System) Blockade of Great Britain
The Peninsular War
The Invasion of Russia
What is A Blockade?

5. Napoleon's Mistakes Continental System
Blockade: When one nation uses force to stop one nation from being able to trade
Napoleon tried to conquer Great Britain by cutting it off from the rest of the World
Ordered all ships to cease trade with Great Britain (BLOCKADE)

6. Napoleon's Mistakes
Peninsular War: A war that took place on the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal)
Great Britain becomes involved to stop France
Took too long and Napoleon lost too many soldiers (over 500,000)

8. Napoleon's Mistakes Invasion of Russia
Russians drew Napoleon further into Russia, using the scorched Earth Policy (Burning and destroying anything that could be used by the invaders)
Napoleon was caught in a Russian Winter unprepared and then the Russian counter attacked
Entered with 600,000 left with less than 100,000

10. Napoleon's Defeat
Napoleon surrendered his throne in 1814 and was exiled to the Island of Elba
Napoleon escaped and returned to France and rallied his allies; this is called The Hundred Day War
This was Napoleon’s final attempt to regain power

11. Napoleon's Defeat
Napoleon was defeated by the British, the Netherlands and Prussia at the Battle of Waterloo and was exiled to St. Helena
Final Results of Napoleon: Louis XVIII returned to the throne of France and a new idea called Nationalism spread across Europe

13. Why Did Napoleon Fail?
#1: Napoleon’s resources were spread too thinly across Europe
#2: Napoleon isolated France with economic policies (Continental System)
#3: Napoleon lost too many men in Spain and Russia to withstand a multi-nation conflict
#4: Napoleon’s men were spreading ideas of the Enlightenment and Revolution in other countries

14. Napoleon’s Impact on Europe
Napoleon tried to impose French customs on the land he had conquered.
In response the conquered people started to feel more loyalty to their own nations and customs (Nationalism)
Napoleon’s armies started to spread ideas about the Enlightenment, Human and Natural Rights, the Social Contract and Limited Governments
What was Napoleon’s legacy?

15. Nationalism:
Nationalism is the belief that one’s greatest loyalty is to a shared culture, including aspects of common history, language, religion, and nationality.
Nationalism leads to the desire for self-rule.
Two aspects of Nationalism are:
Unification- common culture joining together
Separation- left to form a government that was more to their interests
Is Nationalism a good thing or a bad thing?

16. The Congress of Vienna
Its purpose was to reestablish a balance of power in Europe after Napoleon
All lands taken by Napoleon were returned to the nations they belonged to before Napoleon’s rule
Reinstate absolute monarchies to the thrones of countries Napoleon had defeated.

17. The Congress of Vienna
Absolute monarchies had to suppress democratic movements led by liberals and radicals across Europe after 1815.
Despite the return of conservatives to power the ideas of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity had spread feeding the nationalist movements in the 1830’s and 1840’s in the following locations:
The Balkans (Greece)
France
Italy
Germany

18. Nationalism in Greece
Nationalism in Europe started on the Balkan Peninsula in Greece
Greeks rebelled against the Ottoman Empire and became an independent country in 1830
Britain, France and Russia supported this rebellion.
This showed other nations in Europe Ottoman Empire could be beaten (Serbia, Russia).
The Greek independence will cause Nationalist movements throughout Europe

20. Nationalism in France:
1830: Charles X tried and failed to reestablish an absolute monarch
: Louis- Philippe replaces Charles X
1848: Louis-Philippe is replaced by a Republic (Limited Government)

21. Nationalism in France
With the election of Louis- Napoleon (Napoleon’s nephew), a parliamentary system was established in France.

22. Nationalism in France Louis-Napoleon took the title of Napoleon III
Under his rule France’s Economy advances but France was not democratic

23. The Rise of Italy
Prime Minister Camillo di Cavour with the help of France united all of the Northern Italian States
Northern States were influenced to Unite by the Kingdom of Piedmont- Sardinia’s constitution

24. The Rise of Italy
Giuseppe Garibaldi was the leader of the Red Shirts (a guerrilla band of freedom fighters) led them to victory over the Kingdom of Two Siclies
Unifying the Southern States of Italy

25. The Rise of Italy
Italy 1861 Emmanuel II combined Northern Italy with Garibaldi in Southern Italy. Italy became a Constitutional Monarchy with Victor Emmanuel as .King
Rome became the Capital of Italy and Venetia and the Papal States joined Italy shortly after

26. The Rise of Germany
In 1861 Prussian Emperor William I wanted to unite all German States
Prussia was the largest of the German states after the Congress of Vienna

27. The Rise of Germany
In 1862 Otto von Bismarck (Junker) was Appointed Prime Minister by Wilhelm
“Rule by Iron and Blood” rather than by speeches and votes
After two quick wars against Denmark and Austria only 4 German states were outside the control of Prussia

28. The Rise of Germany
In 1870: Bismarck starts his campaign to win over the last German States
Bismarck starts the Franco-Prussian War by instigating Napoleon III to declare war on Prussia
Fear of French invasion brought the remaining German states to Prussia for protection

29. The Franco-Prussian War
Results of the Franco-Prussian War
Prussia won
Southern Germany states united with Prussia (Modern Germany is Created)
January 18, 1871 William I was proclaimed Kaiser (Emperor of Germany)
France lost the region of Alsace Lorraine

30. Nationalism in Latin America
Just like in France during the French Revolution social class struggles and discontent play a large role in Latin American independence movements
The Population of Latin America was divided into 5 different social classes
Peninsulares
Creoles
Mestizos
Mulattos
Slaves

31. The Social Classes in Latin America
Peninsulares: Wealthy Spanish-born citizens and they were the smallest percentage of the population but held the highest political positions.
Creoles: Spaniards born in Latin America. They could not hold political office but could be military officers
The Peninsulares and Creoles controlled the wealth, power and land in Latin America

32. The Social Classes in Latin America
Mestizos: below the first two social classes, they were a mixture of European and Indian (Native American) ancestry
Mulattos: They were a mixture of European and African ancestry
Slave class (no Rights)

33. Nationalism in Haiti
Francis-Dominique Toussaint-Louverture was the leader of the Slave Revolt in Haiti
Haiti declared its independence from France in 1804
This successful Slave Revolt was the only one of its kind in history

34. Nationalism in Mexico
Mexico’s Nationalism movement was led by Miguel Hidalgo and Pablo Maria Morelas (they were assisted by the Mestizos)
Conflict was between upper and lower class
In 1821 Mexican Creoles gained independence for Mexico from Spain
Mexico’s success leads to other successful Revolution in Central America

35. Nationalism in South America
Inspired by North Americas Revolutions Simon Bolivar (Creole General) led independence movements South American. Beginning with Venezuela in 1811
Bolivar then freed Colombia and Ecuador
Bolivar with the help of Jose de San Martin (who had gained independence for Chile) freed Peru

36. Nationalism in South America
Bolivar wanted to unite all the countries in South America into one single country called Gran Colombia.
His dream was realized for a short time when Colombia, Venezuela, Panama, and Ecuador were united temporarily.
Political issues between these regions would soon separate Gran Colombia into independent countries